72 INTRODUCTION 
As pollen is easily spoilt by moisture, provision is found for protecting it from 
damp: e.g. the versatile anthers of grasses, &c., only open in dry air, so that the 
probability of wetting is small.. Among the pendulous catkins of alders, hazels, 
birches, poplars, hornbeams, &c., the anthers are sheltered under shield-shaped 
covering-leaves. According to Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 148) the 
pollen of the trees and bushes just named, after actual discharge from the anthers, is 
not at once scattered through the air. It is at first heaped in some place in or near 
the flower that is sheltered from moisture, and thence it is blown by the wind only 
when the environmental conditions are most favourable for its distribution. In the 
plants named, the dorsal side of the flowers serves as temporary storing-place for the 
pollen; among the pines, firs, and spruces (op. cit., pp. 145-8) it is the excavated 
dorsal side of the stamen immediately below; in the case of the yew it is the shield- 
shaped connective, just as in Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuja, Platanus. 
In Hippophaé rhamnoides (op. cit., p. 148) the pollen is concealed in two 
shell-like investing leaves that meet above, but are open at the sides. Among the 
species of Potamogeton, the pollen falls during quiet weather into an excavation of 
the flower-leaf situated below the anthers. In Triglochin the pollen falls, as I have 
shown, into the crescentic or boat-shaped pockets that represent the perianth-leaves, 
and which are situated under the anthers; from these it is scattered even by the 
lightest breeze (‘Blumen und Insekten auf den nordfriesischen Inseln,’ p. 136). 
Far more numerous and more interesting adaptations for the protection of 
pollen than those possessed by anemophilous flowers are found among the more 
highly developed entomophilous flowers, since shelter for their smaller quantity of 
pollen is a pressing necessity. 
III. AnrMmat-PoLLINATED Piants, Zori0PHILaE (Z). 
(2) Plants with Bat-pollinated Flowers, Chiropterophilae (Ch). 
The first observed case of flowers pollinated by bats was described by W. Burck, 
in the Annals of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg (1892)—a Freycinetia (Panda- 
naceae) that occurs in Java, and which climbs to the very highest parts of the tree 
that supports it, develops several times a year a number of large flowers of a delicate 
rose colour, which look very conspicuous among the long, dark-green leaves. Many 
of the flowers are found lying on the ground, and from these it appears that the 
plant is dioecious. In both male and female flowers the three inner-coloured 
structures that play the part of petals are devoured by a bat, the Kalong, or 
Flying-fox (Pteropus edulis), While this animal is eating these alluring structures 
of the male flower, it touches the ‘pollen-covered anthers with its hairy head, and 
when visiting a female flower transfers to the stigma the pollen thus received. Until 
it is observed that the transference of pollen is otherwise effected, it must be assumed 
that the apparent devastation which the Kalong effects among the flowers of the 
Freycinetia serves the useful purpose of pollination, so that the plant must be 
described as bat-pollinated. 
Plants that are pollinated by bats have also been observed in Trinidad. In 
the Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of the Royal Botanic Garden at Trinidad, 
ii, part 3, No. 1o (April, 1897), pp. 30, 31, J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the 
