76 INTRODUCTION » 
biennis, which are without exception flowers for which, in Europe, predilection is 
shown by insects with a long proboscis.’ (Cf. Knuth, ‘Die Bliitenbesucher derselben 
Pflanzenart in verschiedenen Gegenden,’ II.) 
Trelease also describes the tropical American forms Salvia gesneraefolia and 
S. Heerii, and the Brazilian species S. splendens Se//o, as ornithophilous, as well as 
Erica Willmorei, which is native to South Africa (Proc. Soc. Nat. Hist., Boston, 
xxi, 1882). 
On Mindanao, one of the Philippine Is., Everett observed (Nature, xvi, 1877) 
numerous birds of the family Nectariniidae (species of Loriculus, &c.), which, 
without alighting, catch the insects occurring in the recesses of flowers, meanwhile 
loading the feathers at the base of the beak with pollen. 
Evans (Nature, xviii, 1878) saw Tecoma capensis pollinated by honey-suckers 
in Natal. In New Zealand, Thomson (Trans. and Proc. N. Zeal. Inst., Wellington, 
xili, 1880) observed the following species to be regularly or occasionally visited 
by honey-suckers:—Clianthus puniceus, Sophora tetraptera, Metrosideros lucida, 
Loranthus Colensoi, Fuchsia excorticata, Dracophyllum longifolium, and Phormium 
tenax. In Australia F. v. Miiller saw (in 1883) Grevillea robusta pollinated by birds 
(Loew, ‘ Einfiihrung,’ p. 368). 
Furthermore, according to E. Galpin (Gard. Chron., ix, 1891) the following 
Cape plants are ornithophilous :—Erythrina caffra, Tecoma capensis, Leonotis Leo- 
nurus, Halleria lucida, Antholyza aethiopica, and many sp. of Aloé According to 
M. S. Evans (Nature, li, 1895) both Loranthus Kraussianus and L. Dregei, in Natal, 
are visited and pollinated by birds, the former by Cinnyris olivaceus and Barbetula 
pusilla, the latter by Cinnyris Verreauxi. 
According to J. Hancock (Amer. Nat., Boston, xxviii, 1894), the humming- 
birds (Trochilus colubris Z.) which visit Lonicera sempervirens carry away pollen, 
especially upon the feathers at the corner of the mouth. The pollen-grains are 
adapted to this kind of transference. 
We are indebted to Scott-Elliot (Ann. Bot., Oxford, iv, 1889-90, pp. 265-80) for 
numerous recent investigations with regard to the ornithophilous plants of Africa and 
Madagascar. In his memoir (‘ Ornithophilous Flowers in South Africa’) he mentions — 
honey-suckers of the families Meliphagidae (Zosterops), and Cinnyridae (Nectarinia, 
Cinnyris) as the sole or occasional pollinators of the following species, the visitors of 
which are indicated within brackets:—Melianthus major Z. [visited by Nectarinia 
chalybea], M. comosus Vahl [N. famosa], M. Dregeanus Vahl [Zosterops virens], 
Erythrina caffra DC. [sp. of Nectarinia, Zosterops virens], Tecoma capensis Zznd. 
[ Nectarinia Afra, Zosterops virens], Leonotis ovata Spreng. [Cinnyris Kirkii], Salvia 
aurea £. [Zosterops capensis], Protea incompta &. &r., P. mellifera Zhund., 
P. longiflora Zam., P. Scolymus Zhund. [all visited by Promerops caper], Leuco- 
spermum conocarpum &. Br., Antholyza aethiopica Z., A. praealta Red., Babiana 
ringens Ker., Erica fascicularis Z., E. purpurea Andr., E. Plunkenetii, Lobostemon 
montanum Buck, Lycium tubulosum JVees, Sarcocolla squamosa Benth., Scholia 
speciosa /acg., Sutherlandia frutescens R. Br., &c. 
In another publication—‘ Note on the Fertilization of Musa, Strelitzia Reginae, 
and Ravenala madagascariensis’ (op. cit., pp. 259-63)—-Scott-Elliot shows that the 
pollination of the plants in question is effected less by insects than by birds, which by 
