PROTECTION OF POLLEN 81 
more the anthers come under the shelter of the petals :—Campanula patula, Geranium 
Robertianum, Anemone nemorosa, Stellaria graminea, Solanum tuberosum, Pole- 
monium coeruleum, Scabiosa lucida, Bellis perennis, Doronicum, Sonchus, Tussilago, 
Astrantia alpina and carniolica, Sisymbrium Thalianum; Epilobium montanum, 
hirsutum, roseum, and many others. 
(d) The flowers are sheltered under foliage leaves: 7 himes, Impatiens Noli- 
tangere, Daphne Laureola, Althaea rosea, and others. 
(e) Zhe inflorescences are roofed over by a large spathe:—Many Aroids. 
(/) The petals close together above the stamens :—Trollius europaeus. 
(g) The opening of the flower is lateral:—Many Labiates, Pinguicula, Alectoro- 
lophus, Melampyrum, Euphrasia, Viola, Aconitum, and others. 
(h) The flowers are entirely closed:—All Papilionaceae, Corydalis, Linaria, 
Antirrhinum. 
(7) The stigmas form a protective roof over the anthers :—Iris. 
(k) The ligulate florets of Composites protect the pollen:—Lactuca, Hieracium, 
Lapsana, Cichorium. 
(2) Zhe pollen ts enclosed tn an anther-tube, from which it is only discharged by 
a shortening of the filaments when these are disturbed by insect-visits :—-Onopordon, 
Centaurea. 
2. The corolla-tube of funnel-shaped flowers is contracted at the 
opening, so that no drops of water can enter:—Species of Phlox, Daphne, 
Androsace, and Aretia. 
3. The flowers or inflorescences close in unfavourable weather. 
(2) The ligulate ray-florets, or the involucral bracts close over the disk-florets :— 
Carlina. 
(6) Zhe whole flower closes in dull or rough weather :—Colchicum, Crocus, 
Erythraea; species of Gentiana, Campanula, and Ornithogalum ; paeonies, roses, 
Datura Stramonium, Nymphaea, Eranthis, Anemone, Eschscholtzia. 
4. The anthers that have dehisced in dry weather close up again 
in moist weather :—Plantago, Globularia, Alchemilla, Laurus nobilis, Thesium, 
Bulbocodium, Thalictrum, Vitis, Liriodendron, Cistus, and others. 
5. The pollen-grains are covered with pits, sufficiently deep to prevent 
the air contained in them from being driven out by water, so that it forms a layer 
protecting the pollen-grains from being wetted :—Cobaea. 
In many plants several of these protective devices are present. Most of the 
arrangements for the protection of pollen are otherwise advantageous, especially with 
regard to the possibility of self-fertilization, and the protection of nectar. 
A. Hansgirg (SitzBer. Béhm. Ges. Wiss., Prag, xxxiii, 1896) describes as 
ombrophobous (rain-fearing) such flowers as are able by special movements (ombro- 
phobous movements) to protect themselves against the injurious effect of rain or 
continued wetting ; flowers that are not able to execute such movements he terms 
anombr ophobous. 
The ombrophobous plants of temperate regions belong to the Xerophytes. 
The ombrophobous movements cease as soon as the protection of nectaries or 
DAVIS 3 G 
