82 INTRODUCTION 
anthers so secured becomes unnecessary, e. g., when the pollen has been discharged 
from flowers that have opened. 
Hansgirg distinguishes four types :— 
Type I.—Plants with flowers which open in fine, but close in wet weather, 
so that penetration of drops of rain is rendered difficult or impossible. The flowers 
or capitula are borne on stiff stalks which do not change their position, being unable 
to execute ombrophobous curvatures. 
Examples :—Liliaceae (sp. of Erythronium, Tulipa, and Ornithogalum ; Iridaceae 
(Crocus, Sisyrinchium, Romulea); Amaryllidaceae (Sternbergia) ; Colchicaceae ; 
some Gramineae and Juncaceae. Among Dicotyledones :—Compositae (Helipterum, 
Catananche, Sphenogyne, Venidium, Hymenostoma, Tragopogon, Crepis, Hypo- 
chaeris, Anisoderis, Hieracium, Centaurea, Carlina, and others) ; Campanulaceae (sp. 
of Specularia and Campanula); Gentianaceae (Gentiana, Erythraea); Polemoniaceae 
(Gilia, Collomia, Leptosiphon); Solanaceae (Mandragora, Datura); Ficoideae 
(Mesembryanthemum); Ranunculaceae (sp. of Paeonia, Eranthis, Trollius, Pulsatilla, 
Ceratocephalus, Anemone blanda, and Ranunculus carpaticus); Magnoliaceae ; 
Nymphaeaceae ; Cactaceae; Cruciferae (Draba, sp. of Arabis, Malcolmia, Aubretia, 
and others) ; Papaveraceae (Eschscholtzia, Sanguinaria); Portulacaceae ; Rosaceae 
(Rosa, some sp. of Potentilla). 
Type II.—Plants of which the flowers when open are on flexible erect or 
obliquely sloping stalks, and have their opening directed upwards. In wet weather 
they do not close, their pollen, nectar, &c. being protected by special ombrophobous 
curvatures of the individual flower-stalks, of which the object is to prevent the ~ 
corolla from being filled with water. 
Examples :—species of Anemone and Ranunculus; Geum, Rubus, Fragaria ; 
Geraniaceae ; Papaveraceae; Linaceae; sp. of Dianthus; Cruciferae; Leguminosae 
(Coronilla); Saxifraga; Violaceae; Boraginaceae (Cynoglossum, Omphalodes) ; 
Convolvulaceae ; Campanulaceae; Polemoniaceae; Solanaceae ; Scrophulariaceae. 
Type III.—Plants with inflorescences protected from rain by special curving 
of the main floral axis, or of the axes upon which the capitula, umbels, &c. are borne. 
Examples :—many Cruciferae ; Fumariaceae (Corydalis lutea) ; Compositae (sp. 
of Cenia, Emilia, Leptosyne, Coreopsis, Guizotia, Lasthenia, Ptilomeris, Bidens, 
Laya, Galinsoga, and others); and Dipsaceae (sp. of Scabiosa, Cephalaria, Ptero- 
cephalus, and Knautia). 
Type IV.—Plants with flowers which are erect and open in fine weather, 
but close on the approach of rain, while they are at the same time protected and 
turned away from the falling drops of rain by the bending down of the flower- 
stalk, or of the stalk-like inferior ovaries, the capitular stalks, &c. 
Examples :—Liliaceae (Tulipa, Brodiaea); Campanulaceae; Hydrophyllaceae 
(Nemophila); Polemoniaceae (Polemonium); Solanaceae (Solanum); Scrophu- 
lariaceae (Veronica); Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus, Nolana); Compositae (Bellis, 
Rhodanthe, Sonchus, and others); Primulaceae (Anagallis); many Caryophyllaceae ; 
Oxalideae ; Linaceae; Cistineae; Geraniaceae; Onagraceae (Kneiffia, Epilo- 
bium, and others). 
