POLLEN FLOWERS 105 
concerned with the production not only of good fruit but also of seeds capable of 
germination for the propagation of the stock. At the present time fig-trees are no 
longer produced from seeds, but from cuttings, so that caprification is superfluous. 
As already mentioned (pp. 64, 67-8), Hermann Miiller (‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 479- 
511) arranged entomophilous flowers in nine classes, and these must here be described 
at some length. 
1. Pollen Flowers (Po). 
These are flowers which offer only pollen to their visitors, as, e.g. in species of 
Anemone, Papaver, Hypericum, Helianthemum, Rosa, Solanum, Verbascum, and 
Sambucus. They are all very simple, regular in form (radially symmetrical), and 
their often very abundant pollen is usually freely exposed (Fig. 18). 
Fic. 18. Lollen Flowers. (1) Hypericum: a, stigmas. (2) Solanum tuberosum Z.: a, anthers 
s, stigma. 
This does not exclude the possibility of some visitors obtaining sugary juices 
by boring into the tissue of the base of the flower. Among pollen flowers must also 
be included such anemophilous plants as receive occasional 
visits from insects, e.g. species of Artemisia, Plantago, and 
Thalictrum, the inflorescences of which are so conspicuous 
that insects now and then appear as guests, and also such 
anemophilous flowers as possess an odour, however slight, 
that attracts visitors. Plants thus intermediate between the 
anemophilous and entomophilous types I have called 
‘wind flowers (W)’ (‘Die Besucher derselben Pflanzenart 
in verschiedenen Gegenden,’ I, pp. 9 and 10). (Cf. p. 69, 
note.) Amnentomophilous (Ane) may serve as the English 
equivalent. 
On the other hand, nectarless flowers in which the 
pollen is only visible after special manipulation, e.g. Saro- 
thamnus scoparius, Genista tinctoria, and others, are not to be 
regarded as pollen flowers, but are well-marked bee flowers 
(Fig. 19). 
As Hermann Miller has explained (‘Alpenblumen, ,* T ethe  e 
p- 479), the chief floral colours are represented among pollen Boded) (After Hermann 
flowers. The following examples illustrate this :— ade 
