LEPIDOPTERID FLOWERS 123 
and longer ‘ humble-bee door,’ and a narrower, round ‘ Lepidoptera door’ (Fig. 35). 
Through the former, Bombus alticola, mendax, mesomelas and pratorum thrust 
their proboscis and, sucking in the normal way, effect crossing; through the 
latter Colias Phocomone and Pieris napi introduce their 
slender trunk and, also sucking in the normal way, bring 
about the same result. 
Other Hymenopterid-Lepidopterid Flowers, usually 
without separate means of access for insects of the two 
classes, are the following :—Gentiana obtusifolia, cam- 
pestris, nana, involucrata, and tenella; Viola tricolor var. 
alpestris, Scutellaria alpina and galericulata, Oenothera 
biennis and muricata. 
7. Lepidopterid Flowers (L). 
These are chiefly visited by Lepidoptera, of which 
a A: Fic. 35. Rhinanthus Alecio- 
the long, slender proboscis is able to reach the nectar,  +olophus, a Humble-bee Lepi- 
: : dopterid Flower. #4, Lepido- 
that is concealed in deep and narrow tubes or spurs. itera door; Ath, Humble-bee 
They fall into two groups :— door; sf stigma. 
(2) Butterrty Frowers (Lb), ‘which are usually red, e.g. Melandryum 
rubrum, Dianthus Carthusianorum ; 
(4) Mot Frowrrs (Lm), which are wzfe or whitish, e.g. Melandryum 
album, Lonicera Periclymenum. 
Lepidopterid flowers, according to my statistical summaries (‘Bliitenbesucher,’ 
II, p. 8), are eagerly visited by Lepidoptera, though long-tongued bees, and even 
hover-flies with a proboscis long enough to reach the nectar, are also among 
their zealous visitors (cf. Fig. 36). The more deeply the nectar is concealed the 
more exclusively is it secured by Lepidoptera, among which the Hawk-moths 
(Sphingidae) are the most specialized for the purpose. It follows that ‘Hawk-moth 
Flowers’ are inaccessible to other Lepidoptera with a relatively short proboscis. 
In less modified flowers the visitors and pollinators are, as already stated, not so 
exclusively Lepidoptera, but also belong to various other insect groups, so that 
transitional forms can be recognized :—Lychnis Flos-cuculi, for example, is inter- 
mediate between Bee Flowers and Butterfly Flowers (Lb), while Oenothera biennis 
is intermediate between Bee Flowers and Moth Flowers (HLm). 
Hermann Miller (‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 509 and 510) came to similar conclusions. 
Of the thirty-three Lepidopterid flowers which he saw visited by insects in the Alps, 
_ eight were visited exclusively by Lepidoptera, i.e. Orchis globosa, Lilium Martagon 
and bulbiferum, Gymnadenia odoratissima ; Dianthus superbus, sylvestris, atrorubens ; 
Daphne striata. There were also eight others, apart from Lepidoptera, that were 
only visited by insects which did not prejudice the interests of the latter in the 
smallest degree, since they either made vain efforts to reach the nectar, or contented 
themselves with pollen. The flowers in question were :—Gymnadenia conopsea, 
- Nigritella, Viola calcarata, Lychnis Flos-Jovis and rubra, Gentiana bavarica and 
nivalis, and Paradisea Liliastrum. In the other species it was mostly tiny flower- 
