FLY FLOWERS 127 
Hawk-moths (Macroglossa) are peculiar in the fact that they visit flowers in 
bright sunshine. It is therefore not surprising that in the Alps, where Lepidoptera 
abound, undoubted diurnal Hawk-moth Flowers have been evolved, such as Gentiana 
bavarica and verna (Fig. 39). 
8. Fly Flowers (F). 
Fly Flowers, which are chiefly visited by flies (Diptera), do not constitute so 
clearly defined a class as those in which Hymenopterid and Lepidopterid flowers are 
respectively placed. They include species that are oecologically very diverse, and 
are in fact divided into five sub-classes: (2) Nauseous Flowers; (4) Pitfall Flowers ; 
(c) Pinch-trap Flowers ; (¢) Deceptive Flowers ; and (e) Hover-fly Flowers. 
A. Navusrous Frowers (Fn). 
So far as concerns concealment of nectar, the plants here included mostly belong 
to the classes in which this is exposed or partly concealed. They are dull and often 
Fic. 40. Saxztfraga bryozdes, L., a flower belonging to Class EF. (After Herm. Miller, 
‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 39.) 
spotted, and yellowish or dark purple in colour. By their nauseous odour they 
attract many insects, especially carrion-flies and dung-flies, which are the active 
agents of pollination. As already mentioned (p. 109) Hermann Miller includes in 
this group numerous species of Saxifraga, in which the whitish or yellowish and 
often spotted flowers attract numerous flies, and he employs AD [=EF] as a group 
symbol for Fly Flowers with exposed nectar (Fig. 40). Veratrum and Lloydia, and 
perhaps also Rhamnus, Alchemilla, and others, are also to be included here. 
