158 INTRODUCTION 
close over the pollen. It then ejects a little honey on the pollen, takes it up by 
means of the tarsal brushes, and places it in the baskets on the tibiae of the hind-legs. 
The mandibles are often used to loosen the pollen before it is moistened with honey. 
In the case of anemophilous flowers (observed and described in Plantago lanceolata 
by Hermann Miiller) the bee, hovering before the flower, ejects a little honey upon 
the stamens from its suctorial tube, which is fully extended, but completely sheathes 
the ligula. Here, therefore, as when flying to suck flowers’ or when boring into 
soft tissues, the base of the ligula is contained.within the hollow end of the mentum, 
and the retractors are directed backwards. Since honey-bees and humble-bees 
when visiting entomophilous flowers extend the proboscis to suck nectar and fold 
it up to collect pollen, while on nectarless anemophilous flowers they obviously only 
gather pollen, it follows that they are never able to suck nectar and collect pollen 
simultaneously. They must 
always do first one, and 
then the other, and since 
the pollen has to be 
moistened with honey, 
the act of sucking must 
always be the first. 
On the other hand, 
all bees that gather dry 
pollen among a dense 
growth of feathery collect- 
ing-hairs are able, so far 
as the structure of the 
flower permits, to accumu- 
late pollen and suck nectar 
at the same time, and 
J j they perform the latter 
fs 
action in exactly the same 
way as honey-bees and 
Fic. 68. Sctorial apparatus of Bombus sylvarum, L., half folded humble-bees. It is obvious 
up; seen from the side (after Herm. Miller). The outer wall of the hollow . 
tip ‘of the mentum is broken away to show the involution of the proximal that bees with an abdo- 
par of th gun 2 fz bss ofthe gules 2, angle of the fold: «2¢) minal collecting apparatus 
can most easily perform 
both acts simultaneously on flowers which present their pollen from below. 
6. In order, lastly, to bring the mouth-parts to a resting position, or to use 
the mandibles, the bee brings into action simultaneously all the four folding move- 
ments of which its proboscis is capable. It draws back the base of the ligula into 
the hollow end of the mentum (as in Fig. 68), folds the ligula, together with the 
ensheathing laciniae and labial palps, downwards and backwards (Fig. 68 shows 
the beginning of this action), rotates the retractors (z) backwards (half completed 
in Fig. 68), and rotates the cardines (c) (which in Fig. 68 are still directed obliquely 
forward) backwards upon their bases. The entire suctorial apparatus is thus folded 
up and retracted into the cavity in the under-side of the head, which it completely 
fills (Fig. 69, 1). 
