186 INTRODUCTION 
besides presenting the two stages exemplified in Curculionidae’, possess species 
which in the perfect state are either mainly or exclusively anthophilous, either feeding 
on nectar (e.g. Clythra scopolina) or on the soft parts of flowers (e.g. Cryptocephalus 
sericeus). But even in Chrysomelidae, the anthophilous species constitute but ~ 
a small part of the whole family. The same holds good among Lamediicornia for 
Melolontha Z. and Cetonia Z., the anthophilous species of which either feed upon 
foliage-leaves, only occasionally resorting to flowers, where they devour all the soft 
parts indiscriminately (Phyllopertha horticola), or else subsist chiefly (Hoplia 
philanthus, Cetonia) or exclusively (Trichius fasciatus) on flower-food. Of 
Cerambycidae and Lilateridae at least half our native species resort to flowers, 
some only incidentally (Rhagium, Clytus arietis, Diacanthus aeneus), but the 
greater number exclusively. Finally, among the Mordellidae, Oedemertdae, Malachitdae, 
and other families, all the species live solely on flower-food when they are adult. 
To Miiller’s account I would add two observations, which are interesting 
because they show that even the most markedly predaceous beetles may occasionally 
4 
3 
2 
Fic. 76. Zhe Adaptations of longicorn beetles to feeding on nectar (after Herm. Miller). 
(1) Leiopus nebulosus Z., which never visits flowers. Head turned downwards, no neck-like constriction 
behind the eyes, prothorax broad. The hairs on the maxillary lobes (1 4) are short and bristly. (2) Clytus 
arietis Z., which occasionally visits the flowers of Umbelliferae and Rosaceae. Head turned less sharply 
downwards, post-ocular region less broad, prothorax longer and narrower, outer lobe (galea) of maxilla 
(2 5) beset with longer hairs. (3) Leptura livida ¥., which is exclusively anthophilous, visiting Umbelliferae, 
Rosiflorae, Compositae, Convolvulus, and so forth. Head forwardly elongated and turned to the front, 
a post-ocular constriction, outer (galea) and inner (lacinia) lobes of the maxilla (3 4) with long hairs. 
' (4) Strangalia attenuata Z., which is exclusively anthophilous, and able to suck nectar from the corolla- 
tubes (4-6 mm. long) of Knautia arvensis. Characters as in the preceding species, but the prothorax 
is still longer and more tapering in front, and both lobes of the maxilla (44) possess long brushes 
of hair. 
visit flowers, and sometimes do not disdain flower-food. In July, 1892, I saw 
(‘Blumen und Insekten auf den nordfries. Ins.,’ p. 165), upon the island of Fohr, 
Carabus cancellatus devouring the flowers of Thymus Serpyllum. It held the plant 
so fast with its mandibles that I was able to move both together for a short distance. 
Near Friedrichroda in Thuringia I saw during July, 1894 (at 9 p.m.), Carabus 
1 Helodes phellandrii, for example, lives as a larva in the hollow stems, and sometimes as an 
adult on the flowers of Phellandrium aquaticum. Cassida murraea lives in the larval state on the 
leaves of Pulicaria dysenterica, and sometimes when adult on the flowers of the same plant. Crioceris 
punctata lives in the larval state on Asparagus, and as a beetle sometimes feeds on the nectar of 
Umbellifers. : 
