EXPLANATORY REFERENCES. xlil 
the autumnal leaves; besides dissections of the flowers and fruit. These were 
all drawn on purpose for this Work, and, with a few exceptions, by J. D.C. 
Sowerby, Esq., F.L.S., &c. See this subject further{explained in p. 223. 
The specimens of foliage placed at the bottom of the plates of the full- 
grown trees may be called “artist’s foliage,” rather than “ botanical speci- 
mens.” They are, for the most part, drawn by the artist who took the 
portrait of the tree (generally no botanist, and who only knew the artistical 
differences in the aspect of trees), in order to get a more correct idea of what 
is called the “touch.” 
The portraits of all the trees, both young and full grown, were taken chiefly 
during the months of August, September, and October ; but a number were 
also taken during the winter season, in order to show the skeleton tree 
without its foliage; several species being as readily known, even to a general 
observer, when they are naked, as when they are clothed with leaves. 
All the engravings of trees and shrubs given in this Work, whether along 
with the text, or in the last four volumes, have been drawn from nature, on 
purpose for it, by competent artists, whose names, as well as the names of the 
places, where the trees are now growing, or grew when their portraits were taken, 
are given in the List of Trees in the Table of Contents, p. cliv. ; and the greater 
number of the original drawings may still be seen in the possession of the 
author. 
In the descriptive part of this Work, under the titles of the chapters, and 
sometimes under those of the sections, are given signs, intended to show at 
a glance the general habit of the trees or shrubs described in that chapter or 
section. These signs represent large, small, and middle-sized plants, and are 
as follows ; the first sign in each row indicating a deciduous tree or shrub, the 
next an evergreen, and so on alternately : — 
1, Round-headed trees ; such as the 
| { SR Prag: 
| SPY | oak, ash, elm, beech, &c. 
— Toa = 
: ES | AE | 2. & 3, Spiry-topped trees; such as 
; i an the spruce fir, larch, pine, deciduous 
a pa #,| cypress, &c. 
B | Late oh ly iL 
Pe: bites 
| 4. Fastigiate trees ; such as the Lom- 
¥ it! | ; bardy poplar, cypress, &c. 
| aR | | Oe f | 5. Drooping trees ; such as the weep- 
PS ™| | f° i ing willow, weeping elm, &c. 
ceca | mT -—— 
se | : 
x 7. Under-shrubs 
i a. | | 8. Twining shrubs; such as_ the 
; honeysuckle, menispermum, aris- 
if | tolochia, &c. 
