_ 
CHAP. III. CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 155 
europe'a, 4’sculus Hippocastanum, some species of Pépulus, and A‘cer 
Pseiido-Platanus, thrive here as well, and are almost as common, as the 
indigenous trees. Of fruit trees, all that are cultivated north of the European 
alps grow in Scania; such as peaches, apricots, grapes, almonds, chestnuts, 
walnuts, and mulberries (Morus alba and nigra), and they appear to suffer very 
little from the cold : even figs (Ficus Carica) have lived through some winters. 
The Japanese shrubs endure the climate of Lund tolerably well, as Kérria 
japonica, and Broussonetia, which last had grown to the size of a large tree, 
one third of a foot in diameter, in the botanic garden at Lund, till accidentally 
sae not, as it seemed, by the severity of the winter) it died off. But very 
ew evergreens endure our winters; not even the Aicuba japonica, or the 
Portugal or the common laurel; and the holly with great difficulty. The few 
exotic evergreens that we do possess are, Bixus sempervirens and yar., 
Cratz‘gus Pyracantha, Vinca sp., and the Conifere. 
“ Many of the Swedish noblemen have contributed much to the spreading of 
foreign trees throughout Scandinavia, by planting them on their estates ; as, for 
example, His Excellency Count Trolle Wachtmeister, His Excellency the 
Count de la Gardie, Baron Gyllenkrook, and several more, in Scania; also, 
the late M. Thouse, in West Gotha; His Excellency Count Trolle Bronde, in 
Upland; M. Wares, in Warmeland; &c. The Morus alba thrives well, even 
as far as Upsal; and, under the protection of our adored Crown Princess 
Josephine, there is a large plantation of it at Stockholm, for the purpose 
of breeding and feeding silkworms; and the silk obtained from them is not 
only abundant in quantity, but the quality of it is excellent. At Stockholm 
there are several patrons of arboriculture, as regards the cultivation of 
foreign trees. Some of the most distinguished are, the Counsellor de Pontin, 
_M. Siefwerstrale, and M. Rofenblad ; the latter of whom has the richest col- 
lection of plants that can be found in any private garden in Scandinavia. 
There are two public plantations of foreign trees at Stockholm; viz. that of 
the Forest Institute, directed by M. Strom, and that of the Agricultural 
Academy ; both of which possess a great number of foreign trees. 
* As to the height of the trees, I can find no difference between those in 
Scandinavia and those in Germany, or in any other country north of the 
European alps. The beeches and oaks are as well grown trees with us as 
they are in Germany. The sweet chestnut tree and the Robinia Pseid- 
Acacia are somewhat smaller, as they have hitherto never attained a greater 
height here than 50ft.; but others, as the zsculus, the foreign tilias, 
populus, the foreign pines, juglans, &c.,, may be compared with those of 
Germany. The Platanus occidentalis attains a height of 30 ft. The Platanus 
orientalis does not stand in the free ground in our garden. The tulip tree 
is perfectly hardy. We have not yet tried the cedar of Lebanon in the open 
air ; but we hope to be able to do this at some future time.—C, Agardh. 
Lund, Sept. 23. 1835.” 
Sect. V. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of the 
Russian Empire. 
Tuis immense country, extending in latitude from the Crimea to the Gulf 
of Bothnia, and in longitude stretching far into Asia, exhibits less variety of 
surface.than might be expected from its great extent. With the exception of 
its southern and Asiatic provinces, its ligneous flora differs little from that of 
Germany and of the north of France; but the Crimea, the mountains of Cau- 
casus, the Circassian alps, and the shores of the Caspian and Black Sea, are 
rich in the productions of warmer climates, and include as indigenous many of 
the more important trees and shrubs of Switzerland, Italy, and Greece, besides 
a great number peculiar to themselves. On this account, though the Asiatic 
portion of the Russian flora has been very imperfectly explored, the number 
_ of species that Russia possesses that are not indigenous in Britain is con- 
