CHAP. III. CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 159 
ldsa, nigra, tanacetifolia, Oxyacintha, melanocdérpa, and prunifolia, are all 
tolerably hardy. 
Cracow is upwards of two degrees farther south than Warsaw; and it is 
not much higher above the level of the sea, since the Vistula passes through 
both cities, and there is not the slightest waterfall on that river between 
Cracow and its mouth at Dantzic. The greatest cold of the ordinary winters 
at Cracow is from 13° to 16° Réaum. (from 2° above zero, to 4° below zero, 
Fahr.) ; and the snow seldom lasts longer than from two to three weeks. 
At Niedzwiedz, about three miles from the city, Count Wodzicki, a gentleman 
who has never been out of Poland, began, in the year 1814, to plant an 
arboretum ; and he has pursued his plan with such energy, that in 1836 his 
collection amounted to nearly 200 species and varieties, exclusive of half- 
hardy species, which he keeps in conservatories, or against walls. Anaccount 
of this arboretum, as it was in the year 1833, was published in the Annales 
de Fromont, tom. v. p. 177.; and a translation of this account, with some 
corrections and additions sent us by the author, will be found in the Gar- 
dener’s Magazine, vol. xiv., for 1838. Though Count Wodzicki, as he informs 
us, was upwards of 61 years of age when he commenced his arboretum, and 
consequently, in 1836, must have been 83 years old, his passion for trees was 
then by no means diminished. He was in constant correspondence with 
Messrs. Booth of Hamburg, M. Soulange-Bodin of Paris, and various com- 
mercial cultivators and amateurs; and he spares no expense in procuring 
every new ligneous plant that is likely to stand the open air at Cracow. A 
list of the species and varieties which were in the arboretum at Niedawiedz 
in September, 1836, with their dimensions and the year in which each was 
planted, has been kindly sent us by the count ; from which it appears that the 
growth of the hardier species, in that climate, is as rapid as it is in the climate 
of London. A‘cer Psetido-Platanus, 24 years planted, is 28 ft. high, with a 
trunk 22 in. in diameter; A. platandides, of the same age, is 30 ft. high, with a 
trunk 18 in. in diameter; A. ribrum, 20 years planted, is 34 ft. high, with 
a trunk 13 in. in diameter ; and A. eriocarpum, of the same age, is 36 ft. high, 
with a trunk 18 in. in diameter. A’bies rubra, 25 years planted, is 48 ft. high, 
with a trunk 17 in. in diameter. étula alba péndula, 24 years planted, is 
32 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter. 
In the Crimea, many foreign trees and shrubs have been introduced into 
the government garden, and into those of Count Woronzow and some other 
noblemen. 
The introduction of these trees and shrubs may be divided into three periods. 
In the first period, during the reign of Catharine, the olive, the mulberry, the 
sweet chestnut, the walnut, the fig tree, the Diospyros Lotus, the laurel, the 
arbutus, and others, were planted in the gardens of individuals, in great part 
through the influence of Professor Pallas. The second period commenced 
with the year 1811, when the Duke of Richelieu had the government garden 
laid out at Nikita, and placed it under the direction of Mr. Steven. This 
garden soon became celebrated for its collection of trees and shrubs. It con- 
tains at present, among other trees, some fine specimens of the genus Citrus 
in the open air, which require only slight protection during winter. The Mag- 
nolia grandiflora also stands in it in the open air, and flowers every year. The 
third period commences with the settlement of Count Woronzow at Alpuka. 
in the year 1823, when he brought with him an English gardener, and an ex- 
tensive collection of trees and shrubs. Alpuka is finely situated on the sea 
coast, and it may be worth noticing, that it was admired thirty-six years ago 
by Prince Potemkin, who caused two cypresses to be planted in the very 
situation where Count Woronzow is now building a house, under the direction 
of an English architect. 
The winter in this part of Russia lasts but three months, so that oranges, 
and other trees of the East and West Indies, require only to be protected by 
a slight roof or tent of boards, covered with leaves or straw. The following 
species grow freely in the open air : — 
*o 
