170 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF TREES. PART I, 
there are portions of it which, from local circumstances, possess so mild a 
climate, that, with very little art, Lombardy might be made to exhibit speci- 
mens of the ligneous vegetation of every part of the globe. 
Supseet. 2. Of the Trees and Shrubs of Spain and Portugal. 
From the indigenous trees and shrubs of this immense tract of country we 
may estimate its capacity for growing the trees and shrubs of other climates ; 
and, while those of the North of Europe will find a congenial climate in the 
mountain ranges, and the elevated region of Madrid, those of the tropics will 
grow along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. 
There are numerous botanic gardens throughout Spain, and two in Portugal. 
In these gardens, La Gasca informs us, the trees and shrubs of most parts of 
the world have, at one time or other, been seen in a flourishing state. In the 
gardens in the neighbourhood of Madrid are found, the cedar of Lebanon and 
various other Conifere, different species of lime, maple, ash, ’sculus, 
Jiglans, Morus, Cratz‘gus, Prinus, Pyrus, and Cérasus, Astmina triloba, Mag- 
nokia grandiflora, Sophora japonica, the Calycanthus fléridus, the Chimonan- 
thus fragrans, and many others. Capt. S. E. Cook informs us (Sketches in 
Spain, §c.) that the date palm will, in sheltered situations, resist the cold of 
Madrid; though its fruit only acquires perfect maturity on the coast of 
Western Andalusia, and in other parts of the shores of the Mediterranean. 
In the gardens in the neighbourhood of Cadiz the Musa sapiéntum ripens 
fruit every year; as do the different species of Capsicum, Cactus, Céreus, and 
Mesembryanthemum. All the trees and shrubs of the Cape of Good Hope 
and Australia grow here as well as in their native countries. In the gardens 
of Seville, similar exotics thrive freely, and the country is covered with orange, 
lemon, citron, and lime trees, olives, pomegranates, and algarobas, or carob trees. 
We shall pass over the other gardens in Spain, detailed particulars of the 
more rare foreign trees contained in which, by Sr. La Gasca, will be found in 
the first and second volumes of the Gardener’s Magazine, to notice the trees 
and shrubs of the botanic garden of Lisbon. In this garden the orange, lemon, 
and citron ripen their fruit in the open air. The Erythrina picta grows to 
the height of 15 ft. in one season, and ripens seed. /Psidium pyriferum and 
pomiferum as standards, set their fruit, and ripen it against a wall. Coffea 
arabica flowers in October, and the berries ripen in the May or June follow- 
ing. Carica Papdya forms a fine umbrageous tree in the open garden, and 
ripens its fruit; though, being a tree with a succulent or spongy trunk, it is 
occasionally cut down to the ground. These instances are sufficient to prove, 
that, with the art of the gardener and the aid of walls, without hot-houses, all 
the ligneous plants of the world might be grown in the peninsula. 
The prominent trees in the forests of Spain are, the Quércus obur, 
Q. Cérris, and its numerous varieties; Q. J ‘lex, with its varieties still more 
numerous than those of Q. Cérris; Q. Stiber; and Pinus Pinea, PinAster, 
sylvéstris, uncinata, &c. The silver fir is also abundant in some native 
forests, and the Larix in the alpine regions of the northern provinces. The 
most remarkable of the indigenous trees are the cypresses in the gardens of 
the palaces which belonged to the Moorish kings ; many of these venerable 
specimens are supposed to be upwards of five centuries old. The prevailing 
tree about Madrid, as about Paris and London, is the narrow-leaved elm. 
The geographical distribution of the indigenous trees of Spain has been 
given, for the first time, after several years of ardent research and travel, by 
Capt. S. E. Cook, in his Sketches of Spain, published in 1834. Capt. Cook 
divides Spain geologically into three grand regions. The first is the northern, 
which includes Galicia, Asturias, &c., and the maritime part of Old Castile. 
Thisis the region of humidity and moisture, of the Quércus obur, and Q. ‘lex, 
Ulex europea, and Ue. stricta; and the Dabee‘cia poliifolia. ‘The second 
region includes the Castiles, Estremadura, Aragon, &c. ; this is the region of 
dryness, over which the Merino sheep wander, and in which the olive and the 
