CHAP» Ill. CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 171 
silkworm are prodwéts of culture. “This region,’ Capt. Cook observes, 
“ contains the vast pine forests of Aragon, of the Sierra de Cuenca, Segura, 
and the Guadarrama, and of the central range of Castile. It is characterised 
by the Spanish ilex; the Quércus Toza; and the Quéreus prasina, or a 
spécies presumed to be so, which is widely spread over its middle elevation ; 
by the white cistus, which grows in prodigious quantities in some of the 
middle parts ; and by the absence of those which are enumerated as marking 
the divisions on each side of it.” The third region lies along the coast of the 
Mediterranean, and is characterised by a dry and burning summer, and a mild 
winter. In this region the lemon, the orange, the palm, the sugar-cane, the 
cotton tree, the Ceratonia Sfliqua, are the common ligneous plants in cul- 
tivation. This region contains no extensive forests, but abundance of orange 
orchards, olive grounds, and vineyards. 
It would occupy too much space, to enter at such length into the ligneous 
vegetation of each region, as would do justice to the subject, and we must 
therefore refer the reader to Captain Cook’s Sketches, or to an extract from 
them, made with the kind permission of the author, which will be found in the 
twelfth volume of the Gard. Mag. In the third part of this work, when we 
come to treat of particular species, we shall find much interesting matter, sup- 
plied from Captain Cook’s volumes, respecting the genera Pinus, Abies, Larix, 
and Quércus. 
The most remarkable discovery made by Captain Cook in Spain, and which 
was made about the same time by Mr. Drummond, the British consul at Mo- 
rocco, is, that the a/erce, a timber which is of unparalleled durability, is from 
the Thijaarticulata. The roofs of the oldest churches in Spain are of this tim- 
ber; and some of them, as that of the mosque of Cordova, &c., are known to 
have existed for nine centuries, the timber, as may be proved by a specimen 
sent by Captain Cook to the Horticultural Society of London, being still per- 
fectlysound. Captain Cook, also, has collected much new and original inform- 
ation respecting the Q. I‘lex; and it is remarkable, that the true Spanish 
evergreen oak (Q. J. australis), of which acorns can be procured in abundance 
from Gibraltar, had escaped the notice of both native and foreign botanists, 
till it was examined by Captain Cook. 
Suxsect. 3. Of the Trees and Shrubs of Turkey and Modern Greece. 
Arter having given, in p. 17., the enumeration.of the trees and shrubs men- 
tioned by Theophrastus, and in p. 164. those known to modern botanists, it will 
not be supposed that we can have much to add respecting such a country as 
Turkey, scarcely, as yet, in the dawn of civilisation; and where, unless the 
whole surface of the country can be called a garden, there are none but in the 
cemeteries. 
These cemeteries are distinguished by their immense cypresses, and by the 
occasional appearance in them of the weeping willow. The most common tree 
in the neighbourhood of Constantinople is the Quércus Cérris, and, next to this, 
the Céltis australis, the pinaster, and the stone pine. Other trees, considered 
interesting in Britain, which abound in the neighbourhood of Constantinople, 
are the following: Cércis Siliquaéstrum, which is found clothing the shores of 
the Bosphorus and Mount Libanus ; Ceratonia Siliqua, Cupréssus sempervi- 
rens horizontalis, Diospyros Lotus, Mlawagnus angustifolia, the wild olive, 
Zizyphus vulgaris, Paliurus aculeatus, Melia Azedardch, Acacia Julibrissin, Piss 
ticia Terebinthus, and P. Lentiscus, and Smilax Aspera, and S. excélsa. S, 
excélsa climbs to the tops of the highest trees; and, descending in streaming 
branches, converts an avenue of trees into two lofty green walls, which, in 
autumn, are covered with a profusion of rich red berries. There are, also, 
Hédera Helix chrysocarpa; and Cérasus sativa, two varieties, one of which is 
of enormous size, and grows along the northern coast of Asia Minor, whence 
the original cherry was brought to Europe, and the other is found in the woods 
in the interior of Asia Minor, and produces an amber-coloured transparent 
