1S4 SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OF TREES. PART II. 
face on which the tree grows. The next point is, to observe whether the head 
is open and airy, or compact; and the last, whether the general form of the 
tree is regular or irregular. All these particulars are equally applicable to 
shrubs as to trees; with the exception of those which apply to the trunk, 
which is almost always wanting in what are pictorially, as well as botanically, 
considered as shrubs or bushes. 
The different points, then, to which attention ought to be directed in the 
study of trees and shrubs as pictorial forms, are the following :—the height and 
breadth, or general magnitude, of the tree ; the form and outline; the colour, 
light, and shade; the position of the trunk and branches; the mode of growth; 
the mode of tufting; the leaves, and the spray and buds. 
The height and breadth of trees and shrubs vary according to their kinds, and 
to the soil, situation, and climate in which they grow. The trees of greatest 
height, in the temperate regions of the globe, are those of the pine and fir tribe ; 
and they are those, also, which have least breadth in proportion to their height ; 
because their branches, technically called frondose, have not the same tendency 
as those of other trees to increase in thickness with the age of the tree. The 
most bulky trees, or those which have the greatest width of head in propor- 
tion to their height, are some species of poplars, elms, oaks, &c., and the cedar 
of Lebanon, which, though it is a tree with frondose branches, yet, when it 
stands singly, has a head generally broader than its height. The highest shrubs, 
which grow independently of other objects of support, are, among evergreens, 
the common laurel, and, among deciduous kinds, the common lilac, the dog- 
woods, and the Guelder rose. Among the smallest trees, considered as pic- 
torial objects, are the thorns and the spindle tree; and among the smallest 
shrubs are the heath, the furze, and some of the rhododendrons and azaleas. 
The form and outline of trees and shrubs vary chiefly according to their kinds 
and their age, but partly, also, according to the physical circumstances in 
which they are placed; such as soil, situation, climate, and, perhaps, above all, 
proximity to other trees and shrubs. The natural form and outline of a tree can 
only be ascertained when the tree stands alone. The form which it assumes, when 
closely surrounded by other objects, will generally be found very different from 
its natural form; and, therefore, cannot be considered as characteristic of the 
tree or shrub. Even the climate, or the prevailing soil, or wind, will materially 
alter the form. The cedar, when planted in masses like the larch or the Scotch 
pine, produces, like them, a straight trunk, with the branches dying off from 
the bottom upwards; planted singly, its branches often become like so many 
trunks: in a sheltered situation its top will be pointed; and, in one exposed, 
it will become blunt or flattened, like the well-known cedars of the Chelsea 
Botanic Garden. Nearly the same observations may be made respecting all 
other trees: even the sturdy oak, in poor soils and cold elevated situations, 
becomes a bush ; in rich soils and low situations it is a lofty tree, with a straight 
trunk ; and in situations exposed to the sea breeze, it has the entire head of 
the tree leaning to one side, and presents an appearance altogether peculiar. 
Fig. 1. shows the effect of the sea breeze on two oaks growing on the boundary 
of Canford Heath, near Wimborne, in Dorsetshire ; and numerous similar 
examples might be given from different parts of the island. 
However various the outline of trees and shrubs may appear in detail, the 
general contour may always be reduced to some familiar or recognised form, 
easily retained in the memory: for example, to that of an oval, or that of an 
egg placed on its smallest end, which are the most common forms of trees, 
except in the case of those which have frondose branches; and that of an 
egg placed on its broadest end, or of a flattened cone, which are the most com- 
mon forms of shrubs. The Lombardy poplar, the cypress, and some similar 
trees, may be said to have their heads in the form of an ellipsis: and others 
‘such as the common apple, thorn, &c., in that of a globe, or in that of a semi- 
globe. A few trees, more particularly in their young state, take the form of an 
inverted cone, such as the planera, as will appear by our figure of that tree at 
ten years’ growth. Within these general forms, the greatest variety of outline 
