200 SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OF TREES. PART II. 
tree, as it must add greatly to the enjoyment derivable from them, ought 
always to form a part of their individual history. 
One of the most common and generally understood expressions of trees is, 
that which is called their picturesque beauty. Much has been written, by 
Gilpin, Uvedale Price, and others, in order to define the meaning of the word 
picturesque; and the expression of this beauty has been divided into two 
kinds: that of the beautiful, or smooth picturesque, suitable for cultivated 
scenery, and also for painting; and that of the rough picturesque, suitable 
for wild and forest scenery, and eminently so for graphic representation, 
whether by the pencil, or the palette. Among trees, whether in a wild or 
cultivated state, are found both these expressions ; and, as an example of the 
first, we may give young specimens of the willow and the lime, and young 
trees generally; and of the second, the oak, the cedar, the thorn, and old 
trees generally. For a tree to be picturesque, it is not necessary that it 
should stand singly, or be at all symmetrical in point of form, or the general 
balance of its head; on the contrary, a mutilated tree, or one the trunk of 
which, from some accidental cause, has grown to one side, may be as pic- 
turesque as a tree which grows erect, and is comparatively perfect in all its 
parts; provided only that it is not a peculiar tree, such as that shown in 
jig. 1. p. 195. The only thing which is essential to picturesque beauty in a 
tree, is, that it should be capable of readily grouping with another tree, or 
with any building, object, or animal, so that the combination may form a sa- 
tisfactory whole. It is evident that this remark applies alike to trees of the 
rough picturesque, and of the smooth picturesque: since young trees, 
which belong to the latter kind of beauty, will group together, or with other 
objects, just as readily as old trees which belong to the former kind of this 
expression. 
The expression of gardenesque beauty, in individual trees, differs from the 
picturesque, in being (whether in the rough or the polished variety of the 
expression), at all times, regular, or symmetrical. The gardenesque is found 
exclusively in single trees, which have been planted in favourable situations ; 
not pressed on, during their growth, by any other objects; and allowed to 
throw out their branches equally on every side, uninjured by cattle or other 
animals; and, if touched by the hand of the gardener, only to be improved 
in their regularity and symmetry. A truly gardenesque tree, when fully 
grown, has always some of its branches depending on the ground, in order to 
mark it as a tree of the garden or lawn; and not one of the park, where its 
lower branches would be separated from the ground by that horizontal line 
formed by the browsing of cattle; or one of the forest, where, from being 
pressed on by other trees, or, when young, growing up under the shade of an 
old tree, its form would necessarily belong to some division of the picturesque, 
or be peculiar ; and peculiarity, in trees, as in other objects, as Sir Joshua 
Reynolds has shown, is deformity rather than beauty. 
Architectural and sculpturesque trees are now no longer in repute: but we 
see no reason why trees should not be cut into the forms of colonnades, 
arcades, triumphal arches, and the figures of men and animals, as shrubs are 
cut into the form of those green walls which, under the name of-hedges, sepa- 
rate our fields; and exotic plants are dwarfed, by being grown in pots or 
boxes ; and fruit trees flattened by being spread out against walls. We do not 
say that arcades of trees, tonsile bowers, and sculptured evergreens, such as 
were formerly common in French gardens, rank high in the scale of verdant 
beauty; we merely assert that they are productive of distinct kinds of 
beauty; and that it is by no means desirable to be exclusive, and limit our 
notions of what is beauty to that which is highest in the scale, or to those 
kinds only that happen to be fashionable in our time. 
Viewing trees with reference to their beauty as organic forms, and to the in- 
terest which they are capable of exciting by calling forth associated ideas, the 
tree which is considered the most beautiful by man, in any country, will vary 
according to the knowledge of every individual, and the country in which he 
