2TO SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OF TREES. . PART II. 
when they are in fruit; and, in the case 
of deciduous trees, in winter, when 
they are ina naked state, to show the 
appearance of the wood at that season. 
In the second place, as these require 
to be drawn with scientific accuracy, 
they can only be properly done by 
taking the specimens home, inserting 
their ends in water, and drawing them 
with the greatest care before they 
begin to fade or shrivel. The speci- 
men in flower will naturally, in most 
cases, be drawn first; and, because 
the flower is the first in the order 
of nature, it ought either to be put 
on the top of the page, or on the left - 
hand side of it, in order that it may 
come first in observing or reading. 
This is the reason why, in our volume 
of plates, we have, in the case of each 
young tree, always put the spring or 
flowering specimen on the left hand, 
and the autumn or fruiting specimen on the right hand. For a corresponding 
reason, we have shaded the entire trees on the right hand rather than the left, 
because the eye, being first attracted by the light parts of an object, proceeds 
afterwards to the shade. Where the flowers, when fully expanded, or the fruit 
or leaves, when fully grown, are less than an inch across, a flower, fruit, or leaf, 
of the natural size is given; and, to distinguish these full-sized specimens 
from such as are drawn to a scale of 2in. to a foot, those of the full size are 
marked with a cross, thus +. Where a tree is of one sex, or has the sexes 
in different flowers on the same tree, the male flowers are marked by an m, 
and the female flowers by an f; and some trees, as in the case of the common 
ash (Fraxinus excélsior), the hermaphrodite flowers by an 4. In one or two 
cases, it has been deemed useful to give magnified specimens of flowers or 
their parts; in which cases the abbreviation mag. is added to show this. Where 
the tree is deciduous, a specimen of the young wood, as it appears in winter, 
is given to the same scale of 2in. to a foot. These requisites show that 
nearly a whole year is required, in order to draw properly the botanical spe- 
cimens of any one tree. 
In the case of full-grown trees, we have in general considered it unnecessary 
to give more than a sufficient portion of foliage to show the touch of the. 
