CHAP. IV. PLAN OF DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY. 227 
and also cooperage, locksmithry, turnery, mathematical instrument- 
making, trunk-making, &c. 
B. The Manufacture of Machinery, Instruments, Implements, and Utensils, 
comprehends the making of mills, machines, carriages, implements of hus- 
bandry, gates, fences, ladders, pumps, water-pipes, gun-stocks, spade- 
handles, and an almost innumerable number of similar articles. 
C. The Arts of Fabrication are, weaving, rope-making, mat-making, &c. 
D. The Chemical Arts include tanning, dyeing, colouring, the expression of 
oils, the extraction of sugar, the distillation of pyroligneous acid, of 
ardent spirits, the fermentation of wine, beer, &c. 
E. The Arts of Domestic Economy include the preparation of wood for fuel, 
basket-making, and toy-making ; the preparation of walking-sticks, fishing- 
rods, and other articles used in games, sports, pastimes, recreations, &e., 
and of chests, desks, and coffins. 
F. The Arts of Rural Economy comprehend the use of trees and shrubs, in a 
living state, in agriculture, gardening, and planting; and, also, their use in 
producing leaves, or stems, to serve as food for domestic animals, fruit for 
food or drink for man, wood for fencing, draining, &c. 
G. Medicine. Various parts of trees enter into the materia medica of the 
medical corporations; while others are used only in empirical practice: 
both uses will be noticed in a succinct manner. 
H. The Use of Trees by the Priests of particular Religions, and the ancient 
uses of some of them as charms, &c., as of the oak and the mistletoe by 
the Druids, the rowan tree by the believers in witches, &c., will be slightly 
noticed. 
I. Poetical, Mythological, and Legendary Associations are connected with 
various trees and shrubs; and the ideas which these species recall may 
be considered as a part of their use. 
K. The Picturesque and Decorative Uses of Trees will, as far as respects 
planting them, be considered under gardening ; but, under this head, will 
be noticed their suitableness for the landscape-painter ; the architect, for 
architectural ornaments ; the house decorator ; the decorator of different 
arts and manufactures, such as those of china, printed tissues, paper hang- 
ings, &c.; and the decorator of theatres, triumphal arches, processions, 
&e. 
10. Propagation. In general, all perfect plants may be propagated by all the 
different modes of propagation known either in nature or art. All perfect 
plants produce seeds, and may be propagated by them; and they all pro- 
duce buds, and, for the most part, these buds may be separated from the 
parent plant, along with a portion of its wood, and inserted in the soil, or 
in other plants, so as to become plants also. But, as all trees and shrubs 
are not susceptible of being propagated by all modes with an equal degree 
of facility, the use of treating of the propagation of individual species is, to 
2% out the methods which are considered most advantageous for each. 
t is also particularly necessary, to indicate certain modes of propagation as 
best adapted for certain purposes; as, for example, that of buds, or any other 
mode of division, for the continuation of varieties, &c. 
A. Natural Propagation is effected by seeds, by side suckers or root suckers, 
and by surface stolones or underground stolones. 
B. Artificial Propagation is effected by seeds, suckers, cuttings, layers, 
ringing, budding, grafting, and inarching. 
a. By Seeds. Seeds are employed in artificial, as well as in natural, pro- 
pagation. The subject embraces their ripening on the tree, their gather- 
ing, keeping, preparation for sowing, time of sowing, soil, situation, 
preparation, and time for transplanting. 
b. By Suckers. These are of two kinds: side suckers, which rise up 
close to the stem of the plant, as in the case of the common lilac ; and 
root suckers, which rise up from the roots of the plant, to whatever 
distance these may extend, as in the case of the common plum, the 
s 3 
