11. Culture. 
SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OF ‘TREES. PART Il. 
elm, and many other trees. The time of separation, the size, the future 
treatment, and the fitness of plants so produced relatively to those prv- 
duced by other means of propagation, require to be considered. 
conglomeration of plants, and separating them. 
d. By Cuttings. Cuttings may be taken from the branches, or shoots, and 
either in summer or winter; they may also, in some cases, be taken 
from the trunks of trees of large size; they may be taken from roots in 
many cases; and some evergreens, such as the Azcuba, and some deci- 
duous shrubs, such as the Wistaria, may be propagated by leaves cut off 
with a bud in their axil. In all these methods, the season, soil, situ- 
ation, shade, air, temperature, and time for transplanting, require to be 
taken into consideration. 
e. By Layers. These may be made of the winter’s wood, or of the sum- 
mer’s shoots, and by a variety of different modes of cutting, twisting, 
ringing, &c. ; in all of which, the season, soil, and situation, and time for 
detaching and transplanting the layers, require to be treated of. 
f. By Ringing, and applying a Ball of Earth or Moss. 'Vhis is practised 
in various ways, with or without the aid of a perpetual supply of water ; 
and, as in the preceding cases, the season, locality, and the nature of 
the subject, with other particulars, require to be mentioned. 
g. By Budding on other Plants. Here we have to consider the kind of 
stock ; its age; its influence on the scion; the modes of performing 
the operation, which are various; the age of the scion from which 
the buds are taken; the time when the plant is fit for transplanting; 
and other particulars. 
h. Budding in the Soil, Leaves with buds in their axils will, in various 
cases, both of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, produce 
plants. Buds, also, without leaves, but with small portions of wood 
cut from trees, in some cases from the old wood, as in propagating 
the olive, and in others from the young wood, as in propagating the 
vine, will produce plants. Buds in the roots may also be so em- 
ployed ; as in the case of many of the Rosacex. In general, the buds 
of the trunks and roots are latent germs, and not visible on the por- 
tions that are employed for propagation. 
i. By Grafting. With reference to this operation, the kind of stock 
should be indicated, its age, and its influence on the scion; the mode 
of performing the operation; the season; the age of the scion; and 
the time when the subject is fit for transplanting. 
k. By Inarching. Here the same considerations require to be taken into 
view as in grafting ; with various additional ones, respecting the mecha- 
nical position of the stock, in the case of inarching the branches of 
high trees into stocks in pots. 
rearing and culture in the nursery; the choice of plants, and planting out ; 
the final culture and management of the plant till it dies, is felled, or cut 
down; and the species adapted to succeed it. 
A. The Soil, Situation, and Exposure. In general it may be asserted that 
the component parts of soils are only of importance relatively to their 
capacity for retaining, or parting with, moisture; but some plants are 
absolute in their choice, and will only thrive in particular soils. 
B. Culture in the Nursery. This, in some cases, will require to be carried 
on for some time under glass or in pits, or against a wall or with some 
kind of protection; it may require the plant to be kept in a pot or 
box, in a shaded or light situation, in a close or airy one, in rows 
in beds, or singly, &c. The time when the plant will be fit for final 
transplanting will require to be mentioned ; and, also, what is of very 
. By Division. Low-growing many-stemmed shrubs, such as the dwarf 
box, the butcher’s broom, &c. ; and some creepers, such as Hypéricum 
calycinum, &c., are most easily propagated by taking up the entire 
This subject embraces the soil, situation, and exposure; the 
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