CHAP. XVIII. TILIA CEE. TILIA. 367 
named 7". europe‘a rubicailis, which is said to be quite different from 7. 
europe‘a rubra. There can be no doubt that where several of the varieties 
are growing together, and ripen seeds, these seeds will produce different 
new sorts, as the result of cross-fecundation. In a work published in 1750 
at Leyden, entitled Les Agrémens de la Campagne, §c., the author recom- 
mends continuing all the different sorts of the lime by layers: because, says 
he, those which are raised from seed come up of different species; and 
almost all hybrids, such as the poplar-leaved lime, or the birch-leaved 
lime, which never arrive at the size of large trees, or become finely fur- 
nished with leaves. Those which come up with red bark, he says, grow 
very rapidly for a while, as do the yellow-barked varieties, but neither do 
they ever form large trees. The only seedlings that should be planted, with 
a view to this end, are such as have green leaves and shoots. (p. 207.) 
Geography of T. europe‘a and its Varieties. T. europea appears to be 
confined to the middle and north of Europe. The variety T. e. platyphylla is 
found on the Alps of Switzerland, and the north of Italy; and also in Spain, 
Portugal, and Greece. 7. europz‘a and JT. microphylla appear to be in- 
digenous chiefly in the north of Germany, in Russia, and in Sweden. We 
have already (p. 24.) expressed our doubts as to the genus T'ilia being indi- 
genous in Britain; though, as Sir J. E. Smith has observed, all the varieties 
(species with him) are naturalised, if not all originally indigenous. Ray 
seems to have thought that 7. e. microphylla was, or might be, indigenous ; 
but he was of a different opinion with respect to the broad-leaved variety. 
He says, speaking of the latter kind, “I think that Turner and Gerard 
err in saying that this kind grows plentifully in Essex; for, although I 
am an inhabitant of Essex, I have never seen the Tilia fce’mina vulgaris 
platyph¥llos [which, according to Smith, is a synonyme of T. europe‘a 
(Eng. Flora)] growing spontaneously there, or elsewhere in England. 
‘What we frequently find with us, in woods and hedges,” he says, “is the 
Tilia minore folio” [which, according to Smith, is a synonyme of 7. parvi- 
folia. (Eng. Flora.)}. “ This last species,’ Ray continues, “is called in 
Lincolnshire, by the rustics, bast; because ropes are made from its bark, 
It flowers later than the other, and ripens its seeds more perfectly.” Sir 
J. E. Smith gives as a native habitat of 7. europz‘a, “woods and hedges 
upon grassy declivities:” of 7. e. platyphylla, “ Whitstable, Surrey ; and 
near Dorking; on the banks of the Mole, near Boxhill; and a few other 
places in Surrey, Norfolk, and Oxfordshire.” According to Watson, 7’. 
europe‘a is common all over Britain ; and in the south-western, north-eastern, 
and north-western counties of Ireland: 7. e. platyphylla is found in the 
north-eastern parts of England, and in the southern counties of Scotland: 
and 7'.e. microphylla is found in the south-eastern and north-eastern counties 
of England, and north-western counties of Scotland. Mr. Edwin Lees, 
Hon. Sec. of the Natural History Society of Worcester, informs us that at 
Shawley, eight miles north-west of Worcester, there is a wood, remote from 
any old dwelling or public road, of above 500 acres in extent, the greater part 
of the undergrowths of which is composed of 7. e. microphylla. He also 
states that, in the same part of the county, there are some trees estimated to 
be upwards of 300 years old. So extensive a tract in Britain covered with 
the lime tree, we had before never heard of, and the circumstance has con- 
siderably diminished our doubts as to the tree being truly indigenous. In the 
Nouveau Du Hamel, T. europea is said to be found wild in Denmark, Sweden, 
Bohemia, and throughout Europe generally. Pallas states that it is found 
through the whole of Russia, and great part of Siberia. TJ. e. platyphylla 
is said to inhabit Sweden, and most parts of Europe, as far south as the 
alpine regions of Spain. 
History. The common lime tree appears to have been known to the 
Greeks and Romans. The tree, according to Theophrastus, is of both sexes, 
which are totally different as to form; probably referring to the small-leaved 
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