396 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART ITi. 
bourhood of Paris, grown as standards in the open air, but enclosed during winter with double 
glass cases, which are removed in May, and replaced in September; the outer case being covered 
with straw mats, for weeks together, in severe weather. When the wood of the orange tree is ri- 
pened, and the sap is set to rest by withholding water, 1t may be kept in the dark, for two or three 
months together, without injury, provided the air be kept dry. The hardiest kind of orange appears 
to be the Seville, or bitter, orange. (fig. 104.) Mr. Spence, who passed some winters in Florence, states 
(Gard. Mag., vol. vii. p. 308.) that the bitter orange is by far the most hardy variety grown in Italy ; 
and that, in the neighbourhood of Florence, where the cold is so great that skating is sometimes 
practised occasionally during four months of the year, and where, in the winter of 1829-30, the ther- 
mometer was repeatedly down to 26° and 24° Fahr, at 8 a. M., there are standards in the open air, 
in sheltered situations, but not planted near a wall, with stems from 4in. to 6 in. in diameter, which 
pass the most severe winters with no other injury than having the points of the last year’s shoots 
turned a little yellow. The bitter orange is in general use among the Italians, as a stock for grafting 
all the other sorts on; another proof that it is one of the hardiest and most vigorous-growing sorts. 
When atrial is to be made in England, we would recommend commencing with this variety; and 
protecting the ground by litter, and both sides of the wall by mats or boards, for several years, till 
the plants were ful'y established. The simple protection of straw mats, placed over the trees, might, 
probably, be found enough afterwards, at least in favourable situations. The walls should always be 
flued, or hollow, in order to afford the opportunity of lighting a fire occasionally. The north side of 
the wall might be kept warm by ivy ;.or, if it were an east and west wall, it might be clothed with 
half-hardy trees on both sides, and protected accordingly. 
As examples of different species of the genus Citrus which have attained large dimensions in the 
open air in England, we cite the following from different places in Devonshire. At Salcombe, near 
Kingsbridge, in the garden of the Rev. Mr. Henshaw, are two walls covered with fine healthy orange 
trees: one wall has a broad coping, and glass shapes for placing before the trees in severe winters ; 
the other has reed hurdles for the same purpose, and, though this sometimes excludes the light for 
three months, it is considered a better protection than the glass. The kinds are, the common, Se- 
ville, and blood-red orange, and the citron, lemon, lime, and shaddock. At Dartmouth, in the 
garden of Mr. Strong, is a very large citron tree. At Luscombe, the seat of C. Hoare, Esq., there 
are some remarkable large trees of citrons, shaddocks, and limes, which grow so vigorously, that they 
make shoots of from 6 ft. to 7 ft. in length in one year. They were raised from cuttings on the spot; 
and, the third year after being planted out, they produced a number of fine fruit, some of the lemons 
measuring from 15 in. to 18 in. in circumference, and weighing 14 0z. (See Gard. Mag., vol. ii. p. 29.) 
At Kitley, the seat of E. P. Bastard, Esq., there is a remarkably hardy variety of the shaddock, 
raised on the spot, and known as the Kitley shaddock, which is much hardier than most other sorts 
of Citrus. At Coombe Royal, the seat of John Luscombe, Esq., are a number of lime, citron, orange, 
and lemon trees, of which a description will be found in the Gard. Mag., vol. x. p. 36. The trees 
are planted against a south wall, which is divided by buttresses, forming recésses in which the trees 
are trained in the manner of common fruit trees. Each recess is 123 ft. wide, and about the same 
in height; and is protected, during the winter, by a frame of wood, which is wholly removed in the 
summer, and partially by day, at other seasons; the trees only requiring to be guarded from severe 
frost. A more interesting sight cannot well be imagined by the lovers of horticulture, than that 
which is presented by these trees on a sunny day in winter, when the open frames furnish a display 
of the richest foliage, and of fruit rivalling the produce of foreign countries. The soil, which is 
seldom manured, is light and rich, on a slaty substratum, and seems admirably adapted to trees of 
the citron tribe. The situation in which they are grown is in a sheltered valley, protected from wind. 
It is necessary to add, that the lime is grown under glass in winter ; but it is believed that the tree 
would thrive equally well under wood, and be more secure from frost and storms; a fine tree, in 
full bearing, having been destroyed, a few years since, by the accidental breaking of a pane or two of 
glass in winter. The fruit is produced abundantly by the citron, oranges, and lemons; by the lime 
more sparingly, from the tree being young, and in a vigorous growing state ; and, when gathered at 
a proper period, the fruit is of a fine flavour, and full of juice. Citrons are every year ripened mea- 
suring from 15 in. to 18 in. in circumference; lemons, 11 in. by 9 in.; and oranges, 10 in. by 9 in. ; 
weighing from 5 oz. to9 oz, The leaves are generally 11 in. long, and 6 in. or 7 in. wide. (See Gard. 
Mag., vol. x. p. 36.) 
The genus Limdnia (fromlymoun, the Arabic name of the citron, Latinised) is not very well known ; 
but it includes thirteen or fourteen species, all of which bear more or less affinity to the genus Citrus. 
The species likely to prove hardy or half-hardy are the following, L. Lawréola Dec., a native of Ne- 
pal, with leaves like those of Daphne Lauréola, and white flowers, and which is found on the top 
of cold and lofty mountains, where it is, for some months in the year, buried under the snow. The 
leaves are highly fragrant ; and are, like others of a similar kind, Mr. Royle informs us, employed 
in the religious ceremonies of the inhabitants of the hills. There can be no doubt of this species of 
Limdnia being perfectly hardy. — L. cz¢vifdlia Willd. is a native of China, and has white flowers and 
red berries, with simple or trifoliate leaves. — L. parviflora Bot. Mag., t. 2416., has impari-pinnate 
leaves, and white flowers. It is a native of China, and’ grows to the height of 6 ft. — L. ambé; 
Dec. is said to be cultivated in East Florida; but very little is known of this and the preceding 
species. — L. australis is a native of New Holland, where it forms a tree 25 ft. high ; and there is a 
plant of it at Kew, introduced in 1830. There are four other species of this genus in our stoves and 
are pone ; but L. Lauréola yemains to be introduced by Mr. Royle, or some other patriotic indi- 
vidua 
CHAP. XXII. 
OF THE HARDY AND HALF-HARDY LIGNEQUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER 
HYPERICA ‘CER, AND TRIBE HYPERI‘CEZ. 
Distinctive Characteristics. Thalamiflorous. (H. B.) Sepals4 or 5,unequal, 
with an imbricate estivation. Stamens, in nearly all, numerous, and in 3 
