40 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 
any given bud found directly above it, but part way round the stem 
from the position of the first one. Ascertain, by studying several twigs, 
which bud is above the first and how many turns round the stem are 
made in passing from the first to the one directly above it. 
Observe with especial care the difference between the beech and the 
horse-chestnut in mode of branching, as shown in a large branch pro- 
vided for the study of this feature. 
60. elation of Leaf- 
Arrangement to Branching. 
— This difference depends 
on the fact that the leaves 
of the horse-chestnut were 
arranged in pairs, on oppo- 
site sides of the stem, while 
those of the beech were 
not in pairs. Since the 
buds are found at the upper 
edges of the leaf-scars, and 
since most of the buds of 
the horse-chestnut and the 
beech are leaf-buds and 
destined to form branches, 
the mode of branching and 
ultimately the form of the 
tree must depend largely 
on the arrangement of 
leaves along the stem. 
61. Opposite Branching. 
FIG. 24.— Opposite Branching in a very 
Young Sapling of Ash. —JIn trees the leaves and 
buds of which are oppo- 
site, the tendency will be to form twigs in two rows about at 
right angles to each other along the sides of the branch, as 
shown in Fig. 24. 
1 The teacher will do well to make constant use, in the study of branches and 
buds, of Miss Newell’s Outlines of Lessons in Botany, Part I. The student can 
make out for himself, with a little guidance from the teacher, most of the points 
