‘CHAPTER VIII. 
‘Buds. 
104. Structure of Buds. — While studying twigs in their 
winter condition, as directed in §§ 58, 59, the student had 
occasion to notice the presence, position, and arrangement of 
buds on the branch, but he was not called upon to look into the 
details of their structure. The most natural time to do this 
is just before the study of the leaf is begun, since, as every one 
knows, leaves spring from buds and the rudiments of leaves 
in some form must be found there. 
-105. The Horse-Chestnut Bud. — Examine one of the lateral buds on 
a twig in its winter or early spring condition. 
Make a sketch of the external appearance of the buds as seen with a 
magnifying glass. 
The scales with which it is covered will be seen to overlap each other 
like shingles on a roof, and the thin edges of the scales fit very closely 
down over those beneath. 
Notice the sticky coating on the scales. 
Are the scales opposite or alternate ? 
Remove the scales in pairs, placing them in ones on a sheet of paper, 
thus : 
Make the distance from 1 to 1 as much as 6 
or 8 inches. 
How many pairs are found ? 
Observe as the scales are removed whether 
the sticky coating is thicker on the outside or 
the inside of each scale, and whether it is 
equally abundant on all the successive pairs. 
What is the probable use of this coating ? 
Note the delicate veining of some of the 
scales as seen through the magnifying glass. 
~1The best possible time for this examination is just as the buds are beginning to 
swell slightly in the spring. The buckeye will do for this examination, though it is 
on a good deal smaller scale than the horse-chestnut. Buds may be forced to open 
early by standing twigs in water in a very warm, light place. 
