£54 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 
at first like an ordinary leaf and finally becomes folded in. 
What really occurs is this: the flower-bud, as soon as it has 
developed far enough to show the first rudiments of the 
essential organs, contains them in the form of minute knobs. 
These are developed from the tissues of the plant in the 
same manner as are the knobs in a leaf-bud, which afterwards 
become leaves ; but as growth and development progress in 
the flower-bud, its contents soon show themselves to be sta- 
mens and pistils (if the flower is a perfect one). The united 
leaf margins near the tip 
would form the stigma, and 
the placenta would corre- 
spond to the same margins, 
rolled shghtly inwards, ex- 
tending along the inside of 
the inflated leaf pouch. 
Place several such folded 
leaves upright about a com- 
mon center, and their cross- 
section would be much like 
that of B in Fig. 132. Evi- 
dence that carpels are really 
I, by longitudinal slits in the anther-cells formed in this Mayes be 
(pine); II, by uplifted valves (barberry); gained from the study of 
SS eta: ofeach anther- such fruits as that of the 
monkshood (Fig. 171), in 
which the ripe carpels may be seen to unfold into a shape 
much more leaf-like than that which they had while the pistil 
was maturing. 
189. The Anther and its Contents. — Some of the shapes of 
the anthers may be learned from Figs. 116, 129, 136, 188 and 
155.1 The shape of the anther and the way in which it opens 
depend largely upon the way in which the pollen is to be dis- 
Fig. 138.— Modes of Discharging Pollen. 
1 See Kerner and Oliver, vol. I, pp. 86-95. 
