192 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 
while, therefore, for the student to ask himself some such 
questions as these :? 
(1) Why is the pulp of so many fruits eatable ? 
(2) Why are the seeds of many pulpy fruits bitter or other- 
wise unpleasantly flavored, as in the orange ? 
if 
I EY 
Fia. 179. —I, Barbed Points from Fruit of Beggar’s Ticks, magnified eleven times. 
II, Hook of Cocklebur, magnified eleven times ; III, Beggar’s Ticks Fruit, natural 
size ; LV, Cocklebur Hook, natural size. 
(3) Why are the seeds or the layers surrounding the seeds 
of many pulpy fruits too hard to be chewed, as in the date 
and the peach ? 
(4) Why are the seeds of some pulpy fruits too small to be 
easily chewed, as in the fig and the currant ? 
(5) Account for the not infrequent presence of currant 
1 See Kerner and Oliver, vol. 11, pp. 442-450, and Phytobiology (second paper), by 
Prof. W. F. Ganong, Bulletin No. 13 of the New Brunswick Natural History Society, 
St. John, N. B. 
