268 
Elm fruit, 187. 
Elm leaf, 85, 86. 
Elm, twig of, 81. 
Emarginate, 86. 
Embryo, 10. 
Embryo sac, 158. 
Endosperm, 16, 19, 20. 
Energy, source of, in plants, 123. 
Endogenous, 65, 
Epidermis, 67, 108-110. 
Epigynous, 149. 
Epipetalous, 149. 
Equitant, leaves astride of those 
within them, thus appearing in a 
cross-section like the diagram, 
<< 
Essential organs, 148. 
Evergreen, 124. 
Excretion of water, 123, 124. 
Excurrent stem, 41. 
Existence, struggle for, 197-205. 
Exogenous, 62. 
Explosive fruits, 191. 
Fall of the leaf, 124, 125. 
Family, 214, 215. 
Family, subdivisions of, 215. 
Fascicled roots, 29. 
Fehling’s solution, 76. 
Fermentation, 229. 
Fern, study of, 241-248. 
Ferns, 244, 245. 
Fertilization, 158, 159. 
Fertilization, diagrammatic repre- 
sentation of, 159. 
Fibrous roots, 29. 
Fibro-vascular bundle, 61, 64. 
Fig, transpiration in, 114, 115. 
Filament, 146. 
Fir wood, 60. 
INDEX. 
Fission, 220. 
Fittest, survival of, 211, 212. 
Fixation of carbon, 117-119. 
Fleshy fruits, 191-195. 
Fleshy roots, 32, 33. 
Floral diagrams, 150, 151. 
Floral envelopes, 143. 
Floral organs, movements of, 171, 
172. 
Flower, nature of, 152, 153. 
Flower, organs of, 142, 143. 
Flower, plan of, 143, 144. 
Flower-buds, 80, 131. 
Flowerless plants, 219-245. 
Flowers, colors of, 163, 164. 
Flowers, odors of, 163. 
Flytrap, Venus’, 106. 
Follicle, 186, 187. 
Food, storage of, in stem, 72. 
Four-o’-clock seed, 19. 
Free, 149. 
Free central placentation, 148. 
Frond, 241. 
Frost, action of, 125. 
Fruit, 185-196. 
Fruit-dots, 241. 
Fruits, study of, 182-184. 
Fruits, uses of, 188, 191-193. 
Fucus, 225, 226. 
Fungi, 252-255. 
Funiculus, the stalk on which an 
ovule is borne, 159, 184. 
Gamopetalous, 146. 
Gamosepalous, 146. 
Genus, 218. 
Germination, 4-9. 
Germination, chemical changes 
during, 9. 
Germination, conditions of, 6-9. 
