KEY TO SOME FAMILIES OF PHANEROGAMS. 
GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. 
Trees or shrubs usually with needle-shaped, or scale-like, evergreen leaves and 
moneecious or dicecious flowers in catkins, the pistillate ones usually ripening 
into cones (Conifer), Pine Family, 7. 
ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules in an ovary. 
MONOCOTYLEDONS. Flowers generally on plan of 3 (never of 5). 
GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers rudimentary, enclosed 
in husk-like 
bracts. 
Byacts for each flower 2 (Graminez), stems cylindrical or 
nearly so, Grass Family, 9. 
Bract for each flower 1 (Cyperacez), stems triangular, 
Sedge Family, 10. 
SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers clustered on a spadix (Aracez), Arum 
Family, 11. 
PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers having a true perianth ; not on a spadix. 
Ovary free from perianth, stamens 6 (Liliacez), Lily Family, 12. 
Ovary adnate to perianth. 
Stamens6. . . . (Amaryllidacee), Amaryllis Family, 15. 
Stamens 3 . (Iridacez), Iris Family, 15. 
Stamens lor (rarely)2 . . (Orchidacez), Orchis Family, 16. 
DICOTYLEDONS. Flowers generally on plan of 5 or 4. 
APETALOUS. Flowers without corolla (sometimes also calyx wanting). 
Flowers in catkins. Dicecious trees or shrubs ; fruit, a pod (Salicacez), 
Willow Family, 17. 
Flowers in catkins. Moneecious trees or shrubs; fruit, a nut (Cupu- 
liferee), Oak Family, 18. 
Flowers not in catkins. (Here occur a few apetalous genera of certain 
polypetalous families.) 
Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes (Polygonacee), Buck- 
wheat Family, 19. 
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or absent ; plants usually with a milky 
acrid juice (Euphorbiacee), Spurge Family, 31. 
[Here come also Elms, some Maples, ete.] 
