CLASS I.—GYMNOSPERMS. 
Plants destitute of a closed ovary, style or stigma ; ovules 
generally borne naked on a carpellary scale, which forms part 
of a cone. Cotyledons often several (Fig. 6). 
CONIFERE, PINE FAMILY. y 
Trees or shrubs with wood of peculiar structure (Figs. 50, 51) 
destitute of ducts, with resinous and aromatic juice, leaves 
generally evergreen and needle-shaped or awl-shaped, and 
flowers destitute of floral envelopes, moncecious or dicecious, 
the staminate ones commonly in catkins, the pistillate ones 
in cones. 
I. PINUS, PINE. 
Sterile flowers spirally arranged in inconspicuous catkins, 
borne at the base of the young shoot of the season, each 
flower consisting of a single, nearly sessile anther (Fig. 209, 2). 
Fertile flowers in catkins which consist of spirally arranged 
carpel-scales, each scale springing from the axil of a bract 
and bearing at its own base two ovules (Fig. 209, 5). Fruit a 
cone, formed of the thickened carpellary scales, ripening the 
second autumn after the flower opened. Primary leaves, thin 
and chaffy bud-scales, from the axils of which spring the 
bundles of 2—5 nearly persistent, needle-like, evergreen 
leaves, from 1-15 in. long (Fig. 209, d). 
a. (P. stroBus), WHITE Pine. A tall tree, 75-160 ft. high, much 
branched and spreading when growing in open ground, but often 
with few or no living branches below the height of 100 ft. when 
growing in dense forests. Leaves clustered in fives, slender, 3—4 in. 
long, smooth, and pale or with a whitish bloom. Cones 5—6 in. long, 
not stout. The wood is soft, durable, does not readily warp, and is 
therefore very valuable for lumber. 
