DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 33 
VIOLA, VIOLET. 
Sepals ear-like at the base. Petals somewhat irregular, 
some of them bearded within, thus affording a foothold for 
bees, the lowest one with a spur at the base (Fig. 147).  Sta- 
mens not cohering very much, the two lowermost with spurs 
which reach down into the spur of the lowest petal. Many 
species bear inconspicuous apetalous flowers later than the 
showy ordinary ones and produce most of their seed from 
these closed, self-fertilized flowers. (See Miss Newell’s 
Botany Reader, Part I1, Chapter V.) 
* Stemless perennials. 
a. (V. PEDATA), Birp-roort VioLet, Horsr-sHoxr V., Sanp V. 
Leaves all palmately 5-9-parted into linear or linear-lanceolate 
divisions. Flowers showy, about 1 in. broad, pale violet to whitish ; 
petals not bearded. Rootstock stout, upright, not scaly. . 
b. (V. pPALMATA), Common BivuE VioLeT. Earlier leaves round- 
ish heart-shaped or kidney-form and crenate, with the sides rolled in 
at the base when young. The later ones variously cleft or parted. 
Flowers dark or light blue, sometimes whitish; the lateral petals 
bearded. Rootstock stout and scaly. 
(Variety cucuttaTa), Common Biur Viotet, Hoop-Lear V. 
Later leaves remaining nearly crenate, like the earlier ones, in rich 
soil becoming very luxuriant. 
c. (V. SAGITTATA), ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET, SPADE-LEAF V. 
Leaves very variable, ranging in shape from oblong-heart-shaped 
to triangular-halberd-shaped, very often with an arrow-shaped base, 
the earlier ones on short, margined petioles, the later frequently 
long-petioled. Flowers rather large, otherwise much as in the 
preceding species. 
d. (V. BLANDA), Sweet Waite Viorer. Leaves roundish 
heart-shaped or kidney-shaped. Flowers rather small, whitish, sweet- 
scented, generally beardless, with the lowermost petal exquisitely 
veined with dark purple lines. Rootstock long, slender, and creeping. 
In damp or marshy ground. 
** Leafy-stemmed perennials. 
e. (V. PUBESCENS), Downy YELLOW Viotet. Soft, downy, 6-12 
in. high; leaves broadly heart-shaped, toothed, with large stipules. 
Flowers yellow, with a short spur. 
