OF ALL COUNTRIES. 43 



similar production was given to the world two hundred and 

 fifty years later in the shape of a work entitled 'The 

 Gentleman's Recreator.' This remarkable production, re- 

 versing the process of the celebrated treatise on tar-water, 

 begins the encyclopaedia of a gentleman's instruction with 

 a description of astronomy and other sciences and arts, and 

 concludes with some instructions in cock-fighting, that 

 being an equally essential branch of knowledge in a liberal 

 education. Among the various polite accomplishments 

 here mentioned, such as horsemanship, hawking, fowling, 

 and hunting, fishing is by no means forgotten. Its pages 

 are adorned by a chart, exhibiting the various features of 

 the art, and some peculiar kinds of nets and methods are 

 described in its course. The wolf-net and the raffle are 

 both mentioned, the former bearing a resemblance to a 

 lobster-pot, and being designed for use in ponds and 

 streams ; the latter ditlering in that it was prevented from 

 touching the bottom. A suggestion is given for storing 

 and preserving fish in the midst of any river by making a 

 warren, as it were, for the fish to retreat ; and the method 

 of taking pike with a running noose of horsehair as they lie 

 sunning themselves in the sun, is also to be found there. 



A work of a different and far graver stamp, though con- 

 taining much matter which would hardly pass current with 

 our present knowledge, is the history written by Olaus 

 Magnus, the venerable Archbishop of Upsala, who was 

 born at Linkopin towards the close of the fifteenth century, 

 and after being sent by the Pope to attend the Council of 

 Trent, died at Rome in 1568. His ably written and enter- 

 taining history, in addition to the information which it 

 affords as to the condition of Biarmia and Finland, gives 

 many details as to fisheries and fishing. He speaks of 

 many kinds of fish being salted, dried, and hardened in 



