18 THE JOLA OR DECCAN GRASSHOPPER 
and a-half weeks. The total length of development is 
about two and a-half to three and a-half months. This 
agrees with our records from the field where emergence took 
place during late July and August and where adult grass- 
hoppers were found in the latter part of October and in 
November. In a few exceptional cases, nymphs of the 
last instar were found in the field as late as the middle of 
December. 
A general description of the adult insect has already 
been given, but a few poimts remain to be mentioned. 
While the posterior wing bud is quite distinct in the last 
two or three nymphal stages, we find that, in the adult, 
practically all trace of it disappears. Associated with the 
loss of the powers of flight, is a weak development of the 
organs of locomotion generally. The legs are short and 
slender and the shortness and slightness of the hind femora 
as compared with the abdomen are very marked. An 
examination of the musculature shows a very feeble 
development compared with that in a fairly normal form, 
such as the Rice Grasshopper. Associated with the abor- 
tion of the wings, is the absence of more than mere traces 
of the wing musculature. ‘This weakness in powers of 
movement is, however, not at all associated with a weak- 
ness in constitutional powers, the Jola Grasshopper being 
in this respect decidedly robust. 
Another feature worthy of note is the presence of a 
olandular structure, whose duct opens in the medio-dorsal 
line on the articular membrane between the first and the 
second abdominal segments. The gland itself is ue 
in Plate X, Figs. 3 and 4; its opening in Plate X, Fig. 
As indicated, it is a paired structure closely applied is 
the dorsal body wall in the region of the first abdominal 
seenient. The secretion is a slightly yellowish fluid some- 
what milky in appearance with a peculiar odor and having 
a distinctly alkaline reaction. It appears to be repugna- 
torial in nature. The secretion is capable of being ejected 
with considerable force, being squirted at times to a dis- 
tance of one or two inches. Similar glands have been 
found in some other members of the sub- family Pyrgomor- 
phine, e.g., a Pecilocerus pictus, Fabr., and Attractomor- 
pha crenulata, Faby. 
In the above description, an account of the develop- 
ment of the posterior end of the body has not been 
