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ancient pivot is replaced by a simple 
hinge. These casques are exceedingly 
heavy and admirably designed to protect 
the wearer from gunshot at close range. 
They could be used in the trenches in 
Flanders even to-day very much as they 
were used in the days of Marlboro. 
Their utility in fact is clearly shown in 
the present revival of armor-wearing. 
The helmets to be finally noted are nu- 
merous degenerate and “rudimentary” 
forms descended from the lobster-tailed 
burganets of Cromwell’s times. Thus 
the ear defense in such a headpiece loses 
its lower portion, which was a part of the 
neck guard, and later becomes greatly 
reduced in size; also the neck-covering 
portion of the back of the casque devel- 
ops either a great number of strips, 
or else, merging them all together, 
becomes a single plate — which finally 
may disappear altogether. Such a head- 
piece had an interesting series of degen- 
erate successors.— One of them is hat- 
shaped, another becomes a_ skullcap 
enclosed within the crown of a felt hat, 
another persists as a lighter hat lining 
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL 
made of a few wide bands of metal, 
still another assumes the form of a grat- 
ing made of light strips, and a final one 
appears as a light hat lining made of a 
few strips or bars of metal so hinged 
together that the whole defense can be 
folded and carried in one’s pocket. 
It is especially significant in the vari- 
ous instances noted above that the 
changes always take place in order of 
time, just as we find evolutional changes 
occurring in animals. Thus we are no 
more apt to meet the highly modified 
burganets of the seventeenth century 
among casques of the sixteenth century 
than we are likely to find fossil mammals 
in the old red sandstone. On the other 
hand, we may learn of archaic forms of 
helmets or halberds persisting for a long 
time, as we find the pearly nautilus or the 
gar pike, living to-day, which might well 
have died out with their kindred ages 
ago. Thus as an amusing case of sur- 
vival, we read of knights from Ireland 
appearing in Queen Elizabeth’s court 
armed in basinets and chain mail, nearly 
two centuries behind the English style. 
