Non-Hellenic Portion of the Latin Language. 535 
of places commencing with the separable word Ven—Venusia and 
Venusini, for example. It is to be observed, that the men of 
Gwent are called Cumraicé Gwenhwyson, which a Roman would. 
write Venusones, or perhaps Venusini. 
' Caradawg o Went ai Wenhwyson ; 
“ Caradog of Gwent and his Venusini.” 
Gwern, a swamp or wood, is one of the commonest sources 
of Cumrian names—Penwern Tynwern, Werndii, &c. It seems 
to have been no less in use in ancient Italy ; witness 
Amit-ern-um, an ancient Sabine town ; 
At-ern-um, in Picenum, on the Aternus ; 
Av-ern-us, the lake. Aw, water; Gwern, wood ; 
Clat-ern-a, near Bononia ; 
* Cli-ternum, in the Sabine territory ; 
Clit-ernia, in Apulia ; 
Lit-ernum, in Campania ; 
Leut-erni, in Apulia ; 
and many others. 'To the same source should be referred 
* Pri-vernum, in Latium, now Piperno ; 
Cla-vernia, in Umbria, now Chiaserna ; 
Pri-fernum, in the Sabine territory ; 
Ti-fernum, in Umbria, on the Metaurus ; 
Ti-fernum, in Umbria, on the Tiber ; 
Ti-fernum, in Samnium ; 
Ti-fernus, the adjacent river, now Biferno ; 
Ti-fernus, the adjacent mountain. 
Gwery-dre. The root appears to be Gwyr Viri, warriors, 
1 See OwEn’s Dict. under Gwenhwyson. 
2 It is curious that the hundreds so well known under the name of Chiltern, 
were in the Saxon period written “ Clitern.” The word is “ Clid-wern,” warm- 
wood. 
5 From these examples we see that the Cumrian Gw, of the radical word Gwern, 
became V, as in Privernum, F, as in Prifernum, or totally disappeared, as in Ater- 
num. Priv-wern means primitive or chief wood, Ti-fernum T¥-wern, wood house. 
