548 Rev. Mr Wituiams on one Source of the 
Cyv-dre, a svvoimic, from Cyv, and Tre, a residence ; but in Cornish it is Contre. 
Hence Contrevak, Anglice, a countryman. It is to be remarked that the first 
meaning of Country is the Latin Patria, and that its use to represent Rus is se- 
condary. 
Besta, a wild beast. Uxrtan (Dig. lib. 3, tit. 1, et lib. 9, tit. 1, Leg. 1) tells us: 
« Bestia sunt omnia animalia qui natura fera sunt et hominibus noxia, ut Ursi, 
Leones, Apri, Tigres, item canes feri, serpentes, venenati aranei, et hujuscemodi 
alia que aliquo in modo in hominem seviunt.” The root is the Cum. bwyst— 
« wildness, ferocity” (see Ow. Dict.) as an adjective,’ wild, ferocious, or savage. 
In common language, it is joined to Mil, an animal, as Bwystvil, a ferocious, no- 
xious beast. 
Brassica, a cabbage—Cum. Bresych ; From Bar-aisg, “ head-spreading.” The ad- 
jective is Braisg, “ gross, thick.” 
Ceres, first, corn, secondly, the goddess—Cum. Ceirch. In Corn. cerh signifies oats. 
Among the Sabines, as we are told by Srrvius (1 Georg. v. 7), ceres meant 
bread, as in Scotland to this day, meal means oatmeal. From Ceres comes 
Cervista, “ a drink (writes Forcetiint) made from various kinds of corn mace- 
rated and bruised, but principally from barley. It was formerly much used by 
the Gauls, therefore its origin ought to be looked for in their language. For 
what some say is not probable, that it is formed by syncope from Cereres vis, 
because the strength of corn is concentrated in it.” The roots are—Cerh, oats, 
and probably all other grain ; and Wys, water. Those who claim distillation as 
a modern discovery, forbid us to consider this Celtic drink to be whisky, the 
strong water of the Celts of Scotland and Ireland. But in Celia, or Ceria, its 
Spanish name, we recognise Cooroo, the still existing name of ale in Wales. I 
have written it as it is pronounced, as its true form Cwrw, has often been quoted 
as an instance of the impossibilty of pronouncing Welsh names. Such persons 
forget that the Greek w is a vowel, and that it was used long in England to do 
the same service which it still performs in Wales. 
Carena, a chain. This the etymologers would fain extort from the Greek xaé 4, 
one by one, linked together. But both the quantity and meaning reject this de- 
‘rivation, as catena signifies any? restrainer. Vitruvius’ says, “ Hique asseres, 
catenis dispositis ad contignationes crebriter clavis ferreis fixi religentur.” Here 
they must be translated, ‘* bands, pins, wooden brackets, or cramps.” Again, Par- 
Lapius’ has a passage of a similar kind, “ Asseres, catenis ligneis ex junipero aut 
cupresso factis ad contignationes suspendemus.” Here, also, catenze ligneae must 
be translated “ wooden cramps or knees.” But no abuse of metaphor could have 
. 
1 Once again let the reader be told, that the favourite vocal sound of the Cumri is that represent- 
ed by wy, or 00-ee pronounced as Giphthoug The same word Bwyst, is in Corn. Buest, Ang. Beast. 
2 PorcEL.1n1, under the word, “ Sumptum etiam pro quovis nexu, quo aliquid conjungitur aut ligatur.” 
3 Lib. vii. cap. 3. 4 Lib. i. tit. 13. 
