108 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY 
obtained from maple trees in late winter or early spring, 
and is boiled down for syrup or sugar, is still richer in 
nutritious material than the water of the grapevine, while 
the elaborated sap which is sent so abundantly into the ear 
of corn, at its period of filling out, or into the growing 
pods of beans and peas, or into the rapidly forming ‘acorn 
or the chestnut, contains great stores of food, suited to sus- 
tain plant or animal life. 
EXPERIMENT XXI 
Rise of Water in Stems.— Cut some short branches from an 
apple tree or a cherry tree and stand the lower end of each 
in red ink; try the same experiment with twigs of oak, ash, 
or other porous wood, and after some hours! examine with 
the magnifying glass and with the 
microscope, using the 2-inch objective, 
successive cross-sections of one or more 
twigs of each kind. Note exactly the 
portions through which the ink has 
traveled. Pull off the leaves from one 
of the stems after standing in the eosin 
solution, and notice the spots on the 
leaf-scar through which the eosin has 
traveled. These spots show the posi- 
tions of the leaf-traces, or fibro-vascular 
bundles, connecting the stem and the 
leaf. Repeat with several potatoes, cut 
crosswise through the middle. Try 
also sone monocotyledonous stems, 
such as those of the lily or asparagus. 
For the sake of comparison between 
roots and stems, treat any convenient 
Fic. 76.— A Cutting girdled and 
sending down Roots from the : 
Upper Edge of the Girdled Ring. root, such as a parsnip, in the same way. 
1If the twigs are leafy and the room is warm, only from 5 to 30 minutes 
may be necessary. 
