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136 
FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY © 
bristle-shaped objects at the base of the leaf, as in the 
apple leaf (Fig. 98), sometimes as leaf-like bodies, for 
Fie. 100. — Parallel- 
example in the pansy (Fig. 99), and in 
many other forms, one of which is that 
of spinous appendages, as shown in the 
common locust (Fig. 103). 
145. Parallel-Veined Leaves. — The 
leaves of many great groups of plants, 
such as the lilies, the sedges, and the 
grasses, are commonly parallel-veined, 
that is, with the veins running nearly 
parallel, lengthwise through the blade, 
Veined Leaf of Sol. aS Shown in Fig. 100, or 
omon’s Seal. with parallel veins pro- 
ceeding from a midrib and thence extend- 
ing to the margin, as shown in Fig. 101. 
146. Occurrence of Netted Veining and 
of Parallel Veining. The student has 
already, in his experiments on germina- 
tion, had an opportunity to observe the 
difference in mode of veining between 
the leaves of some dicotyledonous plants 
and those of monocotyledonous plants. 
This difference is general throughout 
these great groups of flowering plants. 
What is the difference? 
The polycotyledonous pines, spruces, 
and other coniferous trees have leaves 
with but a single vein, or two or three 
Fie. 101. — Parallel 
Veining in Canna, 
Veins running from 
midrib to margin. 
parallel ones, but in their case the veining could hardly — 
be other than parallel, since the needle-like leaves are so 
