16 | “FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY 
long, rigid, sheaths very short. Staminate catkins dull yellowish- 
purple, 1 in. long. Cones solitary, short-peduncled, often reflexed, 
ellipsoid-conic, about 2 in. long; scales thickened at the apex and 
armed with a slender, straight, or recurved prickle. On dry, sandy 
soil; wood light, soft, weak, and of little value.* —. 
5. P. sylvestris, L. Scorcu Pine (wrongly called Scotch Fir). A 
medium-sized tree, with the older bark reddish and scaly. Leaves in 
twos, 14-21 in. long. Cones rather small and tapering (Fig. 1, I c). 
Cultivated from Europe. | 
6. P. resinosa, Ait. Rep Pine, Norway Pine. A tall, rather 
slender tree, with bark reddish-brown and moderately smooth. 
Leaves in twos, slender, and 5-6 in. long. Cones borne at the ends 
of the: branches, smooth, about 2 in. long. A valuable timber tree, 
which often grows in small, scattered clumps; wood firm, pale red, 
and not very resinous; used in house and bridge building, and for 
masts and spars. ; 
7. P. palustris, Mill. LonG-Leavep Pine. A large tree; bark 
thin-scaled, wood very resinous, old trees with only a few spreading 
branches near the top. Leaves in threes, 10-15 in. long. Sheaths 
1-11 in. long, crowded near the ends of very scaly twigs. Staminate 
catkins 2-3 in. long, bright purple, conspicuous. Cones terminal, 
ellipsoid-conical, 6-10 in. long, diameter 2-3 in. before opening, 4-6 
in. when fully opened; scales much thickened at the apex and armed 
with a short recurved spine at the end. The most common tree in 
thé pine barrens; wood hard, strong, and durable, especially valua- 
ble for floors and inside work.* es . 
Il. PICEA, Link. 
Sterile flowers generally axillary (sometimes terminal), borne 
on the twigs of the preceding year. Fertile flowers terminal. 
Fruit a nodding, thin-scaled cone, ripening in the first autumn. 
Leaves eyergreen, needle-shaped, four-angled, scattered or 
spirally arranged. 
1. P. nigra, Link. Brack Spruce. A small tree, usually only 
20 or 30 ft. high, often less. Leaves strongly 4-angled, bluish-green, 
and glaucous, }—3 in. long. Cones ovoid, pointed, 3-1} in., usually - 
4 
about 1 in. long, persisting sometimes for 20-30 years. Wood of 
little value except for paper-pulp. The tree is especially abundant 
northward, and is of common occurrence in peat-bogs. 
2. P. rubra, Dietrich. Rep Spruce. A large tree, 70-80 or even 
100 or more feet high, of strict conical habit. Leaves dark green 
or yellowish and glossy, 1-3 long. Cones ovoid-oblong, acute, usually 
14-2 in. long, mostly falling the first year. This is the principal 
