86 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY 
stamens hypogynous. Calyx and corolla colored alike, the 
parts of the perianth forming 3 or more circles of 3 parts 
each. Stamens many. Carpels many, usually cohering over 
the long receptacle and forming a sort of cone-shaped fruit, 
which may be either fleshy or dry. 
I. MAGNOLIA, L. 
Aromatic trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, often in clus- 
ters at the ends of the branches, entire, usually thick and 
leathery; stipules large, quickly deciduous ; flowers termi- 
nal, showy, perfect ; sepals 3, caducous ; petals 6-12, in 2-4 
rows, concave; stamens numerous ; ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 
2-seeded, the mature follicles opening at the beak, and the 
fleshy seeds remaining for some time suspended by slender 
threads.* 
1. M. grandiflora, L. LarGe-FLowERED MaeGnouia. A large 
tree with spreading branches and a rounded top; bark nearly 
smooth. Leaves very thick, evergreen, smooth and shining above, 
rusty-downy beneath, entire, oval or oblong, 6—9 in. long. Flowers 
white, very fragrant, 6-9 in. in diameter. Petals 9 or more, obovate, 
concave. Fruit a rusty-downy cone 3-4 in. long, seeds bright scarlet. 
Common on light soils in Arkansas and the Gulf States.* 
2. M. Fraseri, Walt. LonG-LEAVED UMBRELLA TREE. A small 
tree with a slender trunk and widely spreading branches. Leaves 
clustered at the ends of the branches, deciduous, oblong or obovate, 
contracted, cordate and eared at the base, smooth on both sides, 
8-12 in. long; petioles slender. Flowers white and fragrant, 6 in. 
broad. Petals longer than the sepals, spatulate or oblong, obtuse at 
the apex, narrowed at the base. Cone 3-4 in. long, pink at maturity. 
In rich woods S.* 
3. M. macrophylla, Michx. LARGE-LEAVED UMBRELLA TREE. 
A small tree with gray bark. Leaves clustered at the ends of the 
branches, oblong or obovate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, 
ereen and glabrous above, white and downy beneath, 13-3 ft. long; 
petioles stout. Flowers white with a purple center, fragrant, 8-12 
in. wide; petals oblong, obtuse, two or three times as long as the 
sepals. Cone ovate, 4-6 in. long, bright red at maturity. Shady — 
woods on light soil S.* 
4. M. virginiana, L. Sweet Bay. A small tree with light gray 
bark. Leaves scattered on the branches, evergreen, thick and 
leathery, oval or oblong, smooth and green above, white and with 
