150 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY 
§ 1. Stemless perennials. 
1. V. pedata, L. Brrp-root VioLeT, HorsEsHor VIOLET, SAND 
ViotetT. Rootstock stout, upright, not scaly. Leaves all palmately 
5-9-parted into linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. Flowers showy, 
about 1 in. broad, pale violet to whitish; petals not bearded. 
2. V. palmata, L. Common BLUE VIOLET. Rootstock stout and 
scaly. Earlier leaves roundish heart-shaped or kidney-form and cre- 
nate, with the sides rolled in at the base when young. The later 
ones variously cleft or parted. Flowers dark or light blue, some- 
times whitish; the lateral petals bearded. 
Variety cucullata, Gray. Common BiurE VioLetT, Hoop-LEAF 
VioLtEeT. Later leaves remaining nearly crenate, like the earlier 
ones, in rich soil becoming very luxuriant. 
3. V. sagittata, Ait. ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET, SPADE-LEAF VIO- 
LET. Leaves very variable, ranging in shape from oblong-heart- 
Fic. 17. — Viola tricolor. 
A, stamens and pistil; B, pistil with stamens removed; C, pod split open. 
shaped to triangular-halberd-shaped, very often with an arrow- 
shaped base, the earlier ones on short, margined petioles, the later 
frequently long-petioled. Flowers rather large, otherwise much as 
in the preceding species. Variable and perhaps an aggregate of 
several distinct species. 
4. V. blanda, Willd. Swrerr WuitEe VioLet. Rootstock long, 
slender, and creeping. Leaves roundish heart-shaped or kidney- 
shaped. Flowers rather small, whitish, sweet-scented, generally 
beardless, with the lowermost petal exquisitely veined with dark 
purple lines. In damp or marshy ground. 
