230 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY 
on long, hairy-fringed petioles, the upper lanceolate, sessile. Heads 
few, on long peduncles; bracts ovate-lanceolate, the outer narrower. 
Ray-flowers 6-10, rays 3-5-lobed, bright yellow. Akenes oval, 
broadly winged, warty. Pappus of 2 teeth. On rich, dry soil S. 
and E.* 
3. C. auriculata, L. Runnina TicksEED. Perennial; stem ascend- 
ing or decumbent, weak, smooth, nearly simple, 6-15 in. long. 
Leaves ovate to oval, entire or with 2-4 small and rounded lobes at 
the base, downy, long-petioled. Heads 1-14 in. wide, few or single ; 
outer bracts narrower than the inner. Rays 6-10, mostly 4-toothed 
at the apex ; chaff as long as the flowers. Akenes oblong, the wings 
narrow and thickened. Pappus of 2 minute teeth. In rich woods.* 
IV. RUDBECKIA, L. 
Perennial or biennial. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. 
Heads radiate, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; bracts imbri- 
cated in 2-3 series, spreading ; receptacle convex or long-coni- 
cal, with concave, chaffy scales. Ray-flowers yellow, neutral ; 
disk-flowers purple to brown, perfect. Akenes smooth, 
4-angled, truncate. Pappus a few short teeth or wanting.* 
1. R. hirta, L. Conr-rLower. Annual or biennial; stem erect, 
rough-hairy, simple or branched, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate to 
oblong, thick, obscurely serrate, rough-hairy, 3-ribbed, the lower 
petioled, the upper sessile. Heads few," long-peduncled; bracts 
rough-hairy, spreading. Ray-flowers 10-20, orange-yellow; disk- 
flowers purplish brown. Chaff acute, hairy at the apex. Pappus 
none. On dry, open ground. 
V. HELENIUM, L. 
Annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, forming wings on 
the stem. Heads radiate, peduncled, many-flowered; bracts 
in 2 series, the outer linear and spreading, the inner few and 
scale-like; receptacle naked, convex or oblong. Ray-flowers 
pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays wedge-shaped, 3—6- 
lobed; disk-flowers perfect, tubular, 4—5-lobed. Akenes top- 
shaped, hairy, ribbed. Pappus of 4-5 entire, toothed or awned 
scales.* 
1. H. nudiflorum, Nutt. SNrEzEWEED. Perennial; stem slender, 
erect, downy, branched above, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
entire or slightly toothed, the lower petioled, the upper sessile. 
