EFFECTS OF COLD 



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tural disintegration of the living substance. 

 It is as if all of the mortar used in the con- 

 struction of a building had been irregularly 

 withdrawn, leaving only a toppling, ruinous 

 pile of bricks. 



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FiG.S. Spirogyra magnified 300 times: a, intact; b, frozen 

 in ice: the cells are shrunken but no ice is formed in the cells; 

 c, thawed : the protoplasm is contracted upon the chlorophvli 

 bands, and the nticletis is disorganized. Alter Molisch 



