70 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 
Ashfordia granulata (Alder). 
1830 Helix granulata Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, vol. i., p. 39. 
1833 — globularis, Jeffreys, Linnean Trans., vol. xvi., p. 507. 
1803. — hispida Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 423, PE eae 
1862 — sericea Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. i., - 202, ple xing 
1852 Teba hispida Leach, Syn. Moll., p. 98. 
ISTORY.—-A. granulata (granum, a grain) has 
ever been and still is misunderstood by conti- 
nental conchologists owing to the prevailing ignorance 
of its structure and the similarity of its shell to that 
of other not closely allied species, with which it has 
been so frequently confused, that its distribution is still 
quite uncertain, and though doubtless inhabiting the 
European continent, we have few or no really certain 
grounds for saying that it is found elsewhere than in 
the United Kingdom, though there are many more or 
less unreliable records of its occurrence in other lands. 
This species is associated with Dr. William ‘Turton, 
author of the “Manual of the Land and Freshwater 
Shells of the British Islands,’ and other important 
Te works, by whom it was detected, differentiated, and 
provisionally named prior to its discovery by Mr. Alder. 
The portrait of Dr. Turton, herewith given from the 
title-page of the “ Conchological Dictionary,” is in the form of an orna- 
ment constituted by two facial profiles, a right and a left, placed vis @ vis 
and separated by a dark background, which represents a classical vase, 
whose two sides form the facial outlines of Dr. Turton. 
his species, so very distinct anatomically, was first noticed in 1803 by 
the famous Colonel Montagu, who, however, confused it with the Helix 
hispida linné. It was next observed by Dr. Turton, who recognized its 
distinguishing characters, and applied to it the ms. name of gr anulata to 
express its most striking peculiarity. Later it was independently dis- 
covered near Newcastle by Mr. Joshua Alder, and described by him in 
1830 as Helix granuluta, the name suggested to him by Dr. Turton. 
In 1833 Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys proposed to rename the species Helix globu- 
laris on the ground that Alder’s name was not an appropriate one, as it 
expressed an imperfect appearance of the shell, an objection which Mr. 
Alder sufficiently refuted. 
‘he present species has also from time to time been regarded by various 
continental and British conchologists as synonymous with Helia hispida L., 
H. sericea Miill., H. sericea Drap., H. albula Studer, H. piligera Ziegl., 
H. rubiginosa Schmidt, ete., but it is very probable that all these are 
incorrect and unwarranted associations. 
‘he species is here removed from close association with 1. hispida and 
the Hygromie generally on account of its internal organization being in 
such a different and much more degenerate or secondarily simplified stage 
of development, and the right tentacular retractor being free from entangle- 
ment with the genital complex, that they cannot consistently be closely” 
associated or classified together, and I have, therefore, adopted the generic 
name Ashfordia to better “emphasize the differences it presents. 
