ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. 73 
generally trifid, due to the splitting of the mesocone, but as the edge of the mem- 
brane is approached the ectocone is also split into two or even three subsidiary 
points. 
The formula of a specimen from Radlett, Herts., collected and prepared by the 
Rey. E. W. Bowell, and puoieraye) by Mr. W. Bagshaw, is 
pe449 +} + 79 + 3 15 yx [2X0 = 6,120 teeth. 
The JAW or mandible is eae cane broad, 
and deeply arcuate in shape, with bluntly taper- 
ing ends, and occasionally showing a rounded 
median rostration on the lower margin; it is of 
a colourless appearance, and apparently of some- 
what cartilaginous consistency, except along the 
cutting margin, which is of an amber colour, 
indicative of the greater chitinization, strength 
and hardness of that part; there are twenty or Fic. 107.—Mandibleof A. gvanulata, 
more flat, outwardly convex, divergent ribs, crea, enlarged (from a photograph by 
. E . ree Ne oo. r. W. Bagshaw of a preparation by 
which extend quite across the jaw and slightly — Rey. E,W. Bowell). 
crenulate or undulate the lower margin. 
Reproduction and Development.—Nothing appears to be known 
respecting the amours of this species, excepting that the seminal element 
is transferred by means of a closely serrate sperma- 
tophore during congress; its presence in the sperma- 
theca being indicated by the distortion of the sac, 
caused by the gradual hardening of the capreolus. 
‘The eggs have been observed to be deposited dur- 
ing the months of October and November ; they 
are globular in shape, slightly more than a milli- 
metre in diameter, and at first of a slightly trans- 
parent white, but on exposure to the air become 4. 19g tread of sperma: 
opaque white, one portion showing of a whiter hue  tophore of 4. gvanuata, 
than the rest of the shell ; the envelope also becomes — t@ken from the spermatheca 
s = shortly after pairing, greatly 
brittle, and cracks and breaks like the egg of a fowl. — enlarged. 
‘The winter is probably passed through in the egg state, the hatching 
taking place in the early spring, the creatures mostly attaining full growth 
in the late autumn months. 
After the deposition of the eggs it is probable that the adult animals 
die during the succeeding winter, a fate also shared by those individuals 
which have not attained maturity, as few or no mature shells can be found 
during the spring months. 
Food and Habits.—4A. granulata appears to be a hardy species, and 
unusually active in the colder days of the late autumn when the tempera- 
ture ranges between 30°—40° Fahr., and also appears in the milder 
intervals in winter. After continued moderate frost and in severe weather 
it buries itself temporarily beneath matted herbage and similarly sheltered 
positions, finding this a sufficient protection against 2° or 3° of frost. The 
epiphragm, which is usually thin and delicate, becomes more opaque under 
these conditions. Its characteristic habitat is stated to be the margins of 
ash-woods, especially if close by a low ash or hazel copse; in such places 
it is found, according to Messrs. Kendall and Dean, in large colonies on 
the silverweed (Potentilla anserina) and other plants. It clings very 
loosely to the leaf or branch on which it may be crawling, falling instantly 
to the earth or amongst the ground herbage at the slightest touch or at 
the first indication of danger. 
