THEBA CARTUSIANA. 101 
Dr. Germain has also noticed that the animal is endowed with the power 
of giving off a very pronounced odour of ““mushrooms” when irritated, 
which may possibly be some protection against certain of its enemies or 
may have some other signification. 
Protective Resemblance.—In August 1894, Mr. Lionel E. Adams 
found at Sandwich, Hast Kent, numerous shells of this species clustered 
upon the withered stems of the hound’s tongue (Cynoglossum officinale), 
and so closely resembling in appearance the clusters of burrs or seed cap- 
sules of the plant that it was really difficult in the sunlight to distinguish 
one from the other. 
Geological Distribution.— 7. cartusiuna is not known in deposits 
older than the Pleistocene ; its remains in England show a diminishing or 
retreating species, as it is now scarce and local or quite unknown in 
districts where its remains demonstrate its former existence. 
PLEISTOCENE.—In France, it is recorded from the Upper Pleistocene deposits of 
the Somme Valley, and from the bone-breccia of Corsica by M. Locard. 
It is also recorded by Dr. L. Germain from the loess of the Lyonnais, and of 
Chartreux, Lyons ; also from similar deposits at Chaux and Collonges, Mont d’Or, 
Rhone, and at Bublane in the Ain. 
HOLOCcCENE.—In Sussex W., it has been found by the Rev. W. A. Shaw in post- 
Pliocene drift thrown up by the moles from a depth of 2-3 feet on the open land on 
the north side of the South Downs, West Stoke, near Chichester. 
In Sussex E., it has been recorded from the Neolithic hill-wash, Brighton. 
In Kent E., it has been recorded from a section disclosed by the cutting of the 
road under the South Downs, behind Folkestone, and from a deposit at Dover, 
collected by the Rev. R. A. Bullen. 
In Kent W., it has been recorded in an early Neolithic internment at Cuxton ; 
and from Holocene deposits at Otford, Exedown, Greenhithe, and Northfleet. 
In Essex N., it has been recorded from the railway cutting and brickyard to the 
west of Sudbury by the Geological Survey; and from shell marl, Bushey Leys, near 
Felstead, July 1888 ! by Mr. J. French. 
In Suffolk E., it is recorded from the alluvial beds at Butley by Mr. Alfred Bell. 
In Glamorgan, two specimens were found during the excavation of a Roman 
villa at Llantwit-Major (J. Storrie, Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., 1888, vol. xx., p. 59). 
In Spain, it has been found by the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen in a ten-feet thick 
deposit near the bridge over the railway, Manresa, “Catalonia ; ; and also collected 
by him from a hill- wash at Porto-Pi, near Palma, Majorca, Balearic Isles. 
In Italy, Capt. G. B. Adami has found two specimens in the Lower Post Pliocene 
peat beds and numerous individuals in the upper layers at Polada, near Lonata, 
Lombardy ; and Signor Valentini has found it in the ‘“Travertin” ‘of the Tronto 
Valley, Ascoli- Piceno, Marches. 
Variation.—The slight local modifications frequently perceptible in 
the shell have been utilized by authors to split up the present species into 
2 considerable number of species and varieties, many of which, as in 7. 
cantiana, have very small value or importance, and which it is difficult 
and almost impossible to correctly allocate in appropriate groups, owing to 
the lack of definite characters in the descriptions, and thus leading to 
perennial disputes upon the true status of the different forms, which can 
only be definitely settled by a knowledge of their internal structure. 
T. cartusiana varies considerably in size, the largest forms being strictly 
continental in range and usually flatter and paler than the smaller, more 
globose and deeper coloured British shells, and usually frequent moister and 
richer feeding grounds than the dwarfer varieties, which are generally believed 
to be stunted, owing to living upon more arid and less favourable places. 
