134 XEROPHILA ITALA. 
and in Italy by 1. ammonis, X. apennina, etc. ; while in the East it is 
replaced by XX. derbentina and other species ; and that all these may be 
regarded as earlier forms and more primitive in their organization and 
evolutionary status than the more dominant North Central European 
species, but these and other doubtful points cannot be finally and quite 
definitely decided until the internal structure of the various species has 
been thoroughly studied. 
It was recorded for the Orkneys by Mr. I. S. Traill in 1830, but its 
occurrence there has not been confirmed by later writers. 
On the continent it is said to be very widely diffused, being recorded 
from France, Belgium, Bohemia, Holland, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Roumania, 
Nervia, Greece, Switzerland, Austro- Hungary, Russia, 'l'ransylvania, and 
‘Transcaucasia, but it is rare on the North German plain. 
The true 1. itala does not appear to occur in Scandinavia, and we have 
no precise records of its existence in Portugal. 
In Asia it is recorded from Syria by Férussac, and by Prof. E. Forbes 
from several points in Pamphylia, Asia Minor. According to Westerlund, 
it was erroneously recorded by Gebler from Barnaul, Siberia. 
In Africa, it is recorded for Algeria by Bourguignat and others. 
In South Australia and New Zealand it is recorded as now locally 
plentiful, probably introduced amongst seeds, ete., from Europe, although 
the shells are in my opinion more precisely referable to Y. obvia. 
ve 
Fie. 207.—Geographical Distribution of Verophila itala (Linné). 
Probable Range $MM Recorded Distribution 
GERMANY. 
Xerophila itala is found more or less locally almost throughout Germany, but 
chiefly in the west, including Alsace, Bavaria, Baden, Brandenburg, Cassel, ‘Fran- 
conia, Hanover, Hesse, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Kurhessen, “Lippe-Detmold, 
Lorraine, Luneberg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Osnabruck, Pyrmont, Reuss, East, 
West, and Rhenish Prussia, Rhineland, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Weimar, Saxony, 
Silesia, Suabia, Thuringia, Westphalia, W iesbaden, and Wurtemburg. 
