36 LIMAX MAXIMUS. 
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR! arises beneath the posterior extremity of the mantle, 
in one or more roots, which quickly unite into a broad pearly-white band, but about 
mid-way divides into a pharyngeal and two tentacular branches. The PHARYNGEAL 
muscle passes through the nerve-ring, and divides, to become fixed on each side of 
the pharynx. The TENTACULAR RETRACTORS each give off a branch to the anterior 
tentacle of their respective sides, which send slips to the labial lobes. The broad 
coloured part of the muscular sheath of the ommatophore is clearly defined from the 
tentacle, and contains the ocular muscle and the convoluted optic nerve when the 
eye is retracted. 
ALIMENTARY CANAL? with short G@SOPHAGUS ; CROP long, darkish-brown, with 
longitudinal and transverse wrinkles, contracted before and enlarged at the first 
bend which represents the true stomach and receives the bile ducts; SALIVARY 
GLANDS whitish, large, compact and not deeply lobed ; the Gur has five courses or 
tracts in addition to the stomach tract, which is the longest, the first intestinal tract 
increases disproportionately in length with age, and thus becomes larger in compari- 
son with the succeeding coils which only grow in correspondence with other parts 
of the body, the third tract, instead of forming the rectum, as is usual in gastropods, 
turns around the cephalic retractor and runs back free over the surface of the vis- 
ceral mass, and then finally bends into the forward tract, constituting the rectum. 
MANDIBLE or jaw horny-brown, about four mill. 
broad and one mill. wide at its narrowest part,strongly 
arched anteriorly, with a strong, pointed, central 
beak or rostrum, which projects boldly beneath, ends 
distinctly rectangular with the corners rounded off, : : 
line of bedding in upper jaw shown by a broad darker SS ae 
brown line parallel with the upper margin. (Beverley, Mr. J. D. Butterell). 
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is of an elongate oval shape, ten mill. long and about 
five mill. wide, beset with closely-set teeth, which decrease very slightly in size, and 
are arranged in transverse rows which gently curve backwards as the margins are 
approached ; median row with hour-glass shaped base of attachment and a broad 
reflection bearing a strong central cup or mesocone,® side cusps sub-obsolete without 
perceptible cutting points ; lateral teeth with strong mesocone, the endocone* show- 
ing as an acutely prominent angle, but without cutting point; ectocone® obsolete ; 
76 
76 
i) 60 60 (: 
38 38 
3 2 
\\ ( 0 aes 13 7 eerie 0 7 13 aes mM, f! 
Fic. 55.—Representative teeth from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Limax maximus L. x 120. 
The animal collected by Mr. C. Oldham, at Knutsford; the radula prepared by Mr. W. Moss, and 
photographed by Mr. T. W. Thornton. 
the lateral bieuspid teeth gradually become more aculeate in character, and about 
the twentieth row the apices begin to alternate with those of the adjacent rows ; 
at the forty-eighth row they begin to bifureate, continuing thus to the margins. 
The dental formula of a Knutsford specimen, collected by Mr. C. Oldham, is 
3S +5 28 ae 20 pt = 20 s5 28 + 3 x 168 = 27,660. 
Habits, etc.—'his species is not gregarious, and frequents gardens, 
damp and shady hedgerows and woods, hiding during the day beneath 
stones, under fallen trees, or other obseure and damp places ; it, however, 
exhibits a decided preference for the vicinity of human habitations, and 
readily takes up its abode in damp cellars or outbuildings. 
In Ireland, this predilection for human dwellings is not exhibited, the 
species being said by Scharff to be restricted to woods and other similar places, 
and may even be met with almost within high-water mark on the sea-shore. 
The HoMING faculty is strongly developed in this species, which, after its 
nocturnal rambles or foraging expeditions, usually returns to the particular 
1 Monog. i., p. 344, f. 637. 2 Monog. i., p. 285, f. 569. 3 Monog.i., p. 152. 4 Monog. i., p. 152. 
5 Monog. i., p. 152. 
