INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. 209 



hul is probably very scanty, and nearly Tibetan in character ; 

 but pines occur even up to 11,000, and it is far more fertile 

 than any Tibetan province. The bed of the Chenab is pro- 

 bably nowhere below 8500 feet elevation, and the plants must 

 therefore be all temperate and alpine. A wild yellow Persian 

 rose, a variety of R. eglanteria, here finds its eastern limit. 



10. Kishtwar. 



Kishtwar 



Ward w 



between Lahul and Jamu. It is separated on the north from 

 the Tibetan valleys of Zanskar and Dras by the axis of tac 

 Himalaya, which is crossed by the Umasi Pass into Zanskar, 

 elevated 18,000 feet; and by other passes, from 

 into Dras, at scarcely less elevations. The districl 

 wan to the west occupies the eastern slopes of the range 

 which separates Kishtwar from Kashmir, and is crossed by 

 the Nabagnai Pass, of undetermined elevation, and probably by 

 several others. To the south, Kishtwar is separated from the 

 Chamba province by a range of 10-14,000 feet elevation, al- 

 luded to under that province. The boundary between Kisht- 

 war and Jamu to the south-west is not denned. 



The climate and vegetation of Kishtwar, like those of Ku- 



are 



ediate 



mces 



between those of the provinces occupying the lower and upper 

 course of the Chenab (Jamu and Lahul) on the one hand, and 

 between Kashmir and these on the other. The elevation of 



0000 



to 7000 



and 



In entering Kishtwar by the Chamba province a marked 

 change occurs in the vegetation, from the prevalence of a 



niixture 



pani 



Umbel life ra>, Silene inftata 



2e 



