252 CopE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE 
Section IT, Formation of Names. 
Canon 5. Specific and subspecific names consist of Latin or 
Latinized adjectives or substantives, the latter being either 
nominatives in apposition or genitives. 
EXAMPLES. —Afookerianus ; europaeus ; vulgaris; heterophyllus; malvi- 
cola; Tulipifera; Tuna; Engelmanni,; Sonorae ; Trifolii 
Canon 6. Generic and subgeneric names consist of Latin or 
Latinized substantives, or equivalent terms. 
EXAMPLES.—fosa; Convolvulus; Hedysar Pistia: Liguidam- 
bar, Couroupita, Tsuga,; Gloriosa ; ue: “Mani 
Canon 7. Names for subtribes, orders, and pennies groups, 
are formed from names of component genera. 
(2) For names of tribes add -eae, of families -aceae, of orders 
-ales, to the stem of the generic name. 
EXAMPLES.—Aoseae; Rosaceae; Rosales. 
(6) For names of subtribes add -anae, of subfamilies -atae, of 
suborders -ares, to the stem of the generic name. 
EXAMPLES.—Rosanae; Rosatae; Rosares. 
Canon 8. Names for subclasses and higher groups consist of 
plural Latin or Latinized substantives. 
EXAMPLES.— Monocotyledones ; Angiospermae ; Pteridophyta. 
Section IIT, Publication of Names. 
Canon 9g. A specific or subspecific name is published when it 
has been printed and distributed with a description (or in 
palaeobotany a figure), or with a reference to a previously 
published description. 
EXAMPLES.—Coursetia arborea Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 183 (1859), is 
published with a description; Cynanchum nivale Nym. Syll. Fi. Eur. 108 
nivale Boiss. & Heldr. ; Pterospermites Whitei Ward, Ann. Rep 
Surv, 6: 556. p/. 56, f. 5, 6 (1885), a fossil species, is published with a figure, 
but without a description 
(a) Names published for primary subdivisions of species are 
treated as subspecific names, however designated by 
their authors. 
ERE SiO we minima Marsh, Arb. Am. 68 (1785) 5 
Scirpus maritimus B fluviatilis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. 3: 324 (1836) 5 
Zizia aurea var. erate aan '& Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12: 138 (1887) ; these 
are primary divisions of species, wae are recognizable as subspecies. 
