254 CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE 
Canon 11. Names of subtribes, orders, and intervening groups are 
published when they have been printed and distributed with 
direct or indirect citations of sige genera. 
EXAMPLES.—Moraceae Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 266 (1847), is published with 
the citation of component genera ; ee Eagle Syll. ed. 2, 63 (1898), 
is published with the citation of component gen 
CaANoNn 12. A name is not published by its citation in synonymy, 
or by incidental mention. 
EXAMPLES.—L£cheveria spicata, cited by De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 349 
(1828), as a synonym of Fougutera formosa, is not published, and does not in- 
validate Echeveria DC. published on page 401 of the same volume ; 4crosti- 
chum Plumieri ‘* Desv. herb.,’’ cited as a synonym of 4. viscosum in Fée, Mém 
Fam. Foug. 2: 46 (1845), is not published, and arg not invalidate Acrostichum 
Plumieri Fée, published as a species on e of the same work; Hormisus 
opuntioides Targ., cited by Bertoloni, Amoen. aad 316 (1819), as a synonym 
of Fucus Sertolara Bertol. (= Halimeda Tuna), is not thereby publishe 
Canon 13. Of names published in the same work and at the same 
time, those having precedence of position are to be regarded 
as having priority. 
EXAMPLES.—A/sine L. Sp. Pl. 272, is to be regarded as having priority 
over Stel/aria L. Sp. Pl. 421; Aira spicata L. Sp. Pl. 63, is to be regarded as 
having ipa over Aira oticue aL. Sp. Pl. 64; Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Sp. 
693, is to be regarded as having priority over H/. palustris, which it precedes on 
the same page. 
Section IV. Application of Names. 
Canon 14. The nomenclatorial type of a species or subspecies is 
the specimen to which the describer originally applied the 
name in uaoeeag 
EXAMPLES.—Polypodiun z L. Sp. Pl. 1091, is typified by the desig- 
nation of a specimen collected in p OES Kalm; Stachys arenicola Britton, 
Man. 792 (1901), is typified by the designation of a specimen from Staten Island, 
New York ; Carex intumescens Fernaldii Bailey, Bull, Torrey Club, 20: 418 
(1893), is typified by a specimen collected at Cedar Swamp, naeuile County, 
Maine, by M. L. Fernald. 
(a) When more than one specimen was originally cited, the 
type or group of specimens in which the type is included 
may be indicated by the derivation of the name from 
that of the collector, locality or host. 
MPLES.— Eriogonum Porteri Small, Bull. Torrey Club, 25:41 
feb is chad on several specimens, of which the one collected by T. 
C. Porter is the type; Gat//ardia arizonica A. Gray, Syn. Fl, N. Am. 17: 
