MOTACILLID.E — THE WAGTAILS. 



171 



Baldamus (Naumannia, 1857, 202) says he lias received Anthus aqua- 

 ticus and its eggs from Labrador. This statement, however, requires veri- 

 fication. 



Anthus ludovicianus, Light. 



TITLARK ; AMERICAN PIPIT. 



Alauda ludoviciana, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 793. Anthus ludovicianus, Light. Verz. 1823, 

 37 ; also of Audubon & Bon.-vparte. — Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 232 ; Rev. 153. — 

 CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador). —Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 296 (Cordova). 

 — Ib. Catal. 1861, 24, no.. 153. ScL. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guateniak). —Jones, Nat. 

 in Bermnda, 1859, 29, autumn. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan). — Dall 

 & Bannister, Tr. Chic. Ac. I, 1869, 277. — Cooper, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 78. Alauda 

 rubra, Gm. ; Alauda rufa, WiLs. ; Anthus spinoletta, BoN., AuD. ; Alauda pennsyl- 

 vanka, Bris.s. ; ? Alauda psnnsylvanica, Bonn. Encycl. Meth. I, 1790, 319. ? JHota- 

 cilla hudsonica, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503. — Vieillot, Encycl. Meth. II, 1823, 

 447. Anthiis pennsylva.nica, ZAJ:f'DER ; Anthus aquaticus, AvB. ; Anthus pipiens, AvD.; 

 Anthus rubens, Merreii ; Anthus remhardfii, Holboll, Fauna Gronlands (ed. Paul- 

 sen), 1846, 25 (Greenland). 



Figures : AuD. Birds Am. Ill, pi. cxl. — 1b. Orn. Biog. I, pi. Ixx.x. — Wilson, V. pi. Ixxxix. 



Sp. Char. (Female, in spring.) Above olive-brown, each feather slightly darker to- 

 wards the central portion ; beneath pale dull-buff, or yellowish-brown, with a maxillary 

 series of dark-brown spots and streaks across the breast and along sides. Ring round the 

 eye, and superciliary stripe, yellowish. Central tail-feathers like the back, others dark 

 blackish-brown; the external one white, except at the base within ; a white spot at the 

 end of the second. Primaries edged with whitish, other quills with pale brownish. 

 Length, 6.50 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 2.95. 



Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba, Guatemala, 

 and even Peru ? Heligoland, Europe. (Gatke.) Not noted in West Lidies. 



Spring specimens from Labrador, collected by Dr. Cones, have the upper 

 parts ashy without any tinge of 

 olive, almost bluish on the head ; 

 tlie lower parts deeper and more 

 reddish-buff tlian in autumnal 

 and winter specimens. Tarsi 

 black in spring, brown in win- 

 ter ; toes always black. i 



Habits. At different seasons i 

 of the year the Brown Titlark | 

 is found throughout the conti- f- 

 nent, and abundant for the time 

 in the several parts of the coun- 

 try, chietiy frequenting the least 

 cultivated portions and appar- ^'"^'« ludovidanm. 



ently preferring the sterile and least attractive regions. It is one of the 

 most extensively distributed of all our North American birds, being found 



